Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union

The All-Union Congress of Soviets (Russian:Всесоюзный съезд Советов,IPA:[fsʲɪsɐˈjuznɨjsjestsɐˈvʲetəf]) was formally the supreme governing body of the Soviet Union from its formation (30 December 1922) until the adoption of its second constitution in 1936.^[1] The Congress of Soviets determined the general direction of all public bodies and elected the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union: a body which was accountable to, and held the powers of the Congress when the Congress was not in session. With the 1936 Constitution, the All-Union Congress was replaced by the Supreme Soviet.

Prior to the creation of the All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1922, the individual republics had grown closer towards each other and various republics had signed multiple treaties and well on their way to combining their strength. By the early 1920s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics had taken steps to combine their economic and military strength, which led to a closer political relationship.^[2] When the All-Union Congress was formed, the republics that comprised the new Union were the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (R.S.F.S.R), the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, which was formed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia.^[3] During its tenure, more Soviet republics joined the Congress of Soviets. The Uzbek and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics were admitted in 1924, followed by the Tadzhik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a Union Republic in 1929.^[2]

The Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union was composed of representatives from the councils of all the Soviet republics on the following basis: from the City Council - 1 member per 25 thousand voters, from provincial (regional, territorial) and republic-level congresses - 1 member per 125 thousand residents. Delegates to the All-Union Congress were elected at the provincial (regional, territorial) autonomous republican congresses of the Soviets, or (if republic did not have provincial (and then provincial, regional) congresses) - directly at the Congress of Soviets of the union republic.

تتألف الولاية القضائية الحصرية لمؤتمر السوفيتات مما يلي: ^{[ 2 ]}

• الحق في إبرام المعاهدات، وإقامة العلاقات الدبلوماسية، وإعلان الحرب
• تأسيس مواطنة اتحادية
• تسوية النزاعات بين الجمهوريات
• سك العملات المعدنية، وإنشاء الخدمات البريدية، ووضع معايير موحدة للأوزان والمقاييس
• سلطة وضع خطة عامة للاقتصاد الوطني بأكمله
• وضع مبادئ عامة لتطوير واستخدام التربة والرواسب المعدنية والغابات والمسطحات المائية
• سلطة توجيه النقل وخدمات التلغراف والتجارة الخارجية
• تقع مسؤولية إنشاء الجمهوريات الجديدة على عاتق الكونغرس.
• تعديل دستور الاتحاد السوفيتي

كان ميخائيل كالينين الرئيس الوحيد لهيئة رئاسة المؤتمر .