Simon Schwendener

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Simon Schwendener (10 February 1829 – 27 May 1919) was a Swiss botanist known for his investigations of plant anatomy and physiology. In 1867, he proposed that lichens are composite organisms formed by a symbiotic association between a fungus and an alga, a view that was initially controversial but later confirmed.

Early life and education

Schwendener was born on 10 February 1829 in Buchs, St. Gallen.

In 1856, he received his doctorate at the University of Zurich, where afterwards he was an assistant to Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).

Career

In 1860, he became a professor of botany at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and in 1867 a professor of botany and director of the Botanical Gardens in Basel. In 1877, he succeeded Wilhelm Hofmeister (1824–1877) as professor of botany at the University of Tübingen, and from 1878 until his retirement in 1910, Schwendener was a professor at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin.

Simon Schwendener is remembered for his investigations of plant anatomy and physiology, being interested in the interrelationship between a plant's construction and its functionality. He took a mechanistic approach to his botanical studies, believing that a plant's anatomical structure conformed to principles of mechanics. He conducted extensive research on the mechanics of sap ascent, the construction of a leaf's pulvinus, the positioning of a plant's leaves, and the inner-workings between stomata and its guard cells. He also used disk stacking to create a model for phyllotaxis in plants, and established the discipline of plant biomechanics.[1]

In 1867, Schwendener announced to the scientific world his hypothesis that lichen was formed by two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga.[2][3][4] At the time his theory was largely rejected, but it was afterwards proven to be factual. During his long career he had several renowned students and assistants, including Carl Correns, Gottlieb Haberlandt, Eduard Jahn, Richard Kolkwitz, Emil Heinricher, Max Westermaier, Georg Volkens and Otto Heinrich Warburg.

Honors

He was elected on the 1st of May 1884 a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London.[5] The plant genus SchwendeneraK.Schum. in the family Rubiaceae is named in his honor.[6]

Selected writings

  • Das mechanische Princip im anatomischen Bau der Monocotylen (1874) – The mechanistic principle on the anatomical structure of monocots.
  • Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen (1878) – The mechanistic theory of leaf positioning.
  • Über Bau und Mechanik der Spaltöffnungen (1881) – On the structure and mechanics of the stomata.
  • Gesammelte Botanische Mittheilungen (1898) – Collected botanical treatises.

References

  • German Botanical Society Life and Work of Simon Schwendener
  • List of publications copied from an article on Simon Schwendener at the French Wikipedia.
  1. ↑Douady, Stéphane; Dumais, Jacques; Golé, Christophe; Pick, Nancy (2024). Do plants know math? unwinding the story of plant spirals, from Leonardo da Vinci to now. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15865-5.
  2. ↑Schwendener (1867). "(Ueber die wahre Natur der Flechten)"[On the true nature of lichens]. Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Rheinfelden Am 9., 10., und 11. September 1867 (Proceedings of the Swiss Scientific Society in Rheinfelden on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of September 1867) (in German). 51: 88–90. From p. 89: "Die jetzige Ansicht des Dozenten geht also dahin, dass die Flechten nicht selbstständige Pflanzen, sondern Pilze in Verbindung mit Algen seien, welch' letztere der erstern Nährpflanze bilden." (The present view of the docent [viz, Schwendener] is thus that lichens are not independent plants, but are fungi [which live] in a relationship with algae, which latter constitute food plants for the former.)
  3. ↑Honegger, Rosmarie (Summer 2000). "Simon Schwendener (1829-1919) and the dual hypothesis of lichens". The Bryologist. 103 (2): 307–313. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0307:SSATDH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84580224.
  4. ↑Plant Desiccation Tolerance edited by Matthew A. Jenks, Andrew J. Wood
  5. ↑Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Session 1883–1884). 1880. p. 11.
  6. ↑Lotte Burkhardt: Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition. Parts I & II. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi:10.3372/epolist2018.
  7. ↑International Plant Names Index. Schwend.