فيكتور هيس
كان فيكتور فرانز هيس [ أ ] ( بالألمانية: [ ˈvɪktɔʁ ˈfʁants ˈhɛs ] ؛ 24 يونيو 1883 - 17 ديسمبر 1964) فيزيائيًا تجريبيًا نمساويًا أمريكيًا تقاسم جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1936 مع كارل ديفيد أندرسون لاكتشافه الأشعة الكونية . [ 2 ]
تعليم
ولد فيكتور فرانز هيس في 24 يونيو 1883 في قلعة فالدشتاين في دويتشفيستريتز ، ستيريا ، ابن فينزينز هيس وسيرافين إيدل فون غروسباور فالدستات. كان والده حراجًا ملكيًا في خدمة الأمير لويس أمير أوتينجن والرشتاين . [ 3 ]
التحق هيس بمدرسة غراتس-غيمنازيوم من عام 1893 إلى عام 1901. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ثم درس في جامعة غراتس من عام 1901 إلى عام 1905، وحصل على درجة الدكتوراه في عام 1906 من جامعة فيينا ، [ 5 ] حيث بقي لإجراء أبحاث ما بعد الدكتوراه حتى عام 1910.
حياة مهنية
في عام 1910، أصبح هيس مساعدًا لستيفان ماير في معهد أبحاث الراديوم في فيينا. وفي عام 1920، عُيّن أستاذًا استثنائيًا للفيزياء التجريبية في جامعة غراتس . وفي عام 1921، حصل على إجازة ليصبح مديرًا لمختبر الأبحاث في شركة الراديوم الأمريكية في نيوجيرسي، بالإضافة إلى عمله كفيزيائي استشاري لمكتب المناجم الأمريكي في واشنطن العاصمة. وفي عام 1923، عاد إلى غراتس، حيث عُيّن أستاذًا عاديًا للفيزياء التجريبية في عام 1925. وفي عام 1931، عُيّن مديرًا لمعهد الأشعة في جامعة إنسبروك . [ 3 ]
في عام ١٩٣٧، عاد هيس إلى جامعة غراتس ليصبح مديرًا لمعهد الفيزياء. وفي العام التالي، ضُمّت النمسا إلى ألمانيا ، وأُقيل هيس من منصبه. ثم انتقل إلى الولايات المتحدة، وعُيّن أستاذًا للفيزياء في جامعة فوردهام بمدينة نيويورك، حيث بقي حتى تقاعده عام ١٩٥٨. [ ٦ ] وحصل على الجنسية الأمريكية عام ١٩٤٤. [ ٧ ] [ ٨ ]
اكتشاف الأشعة الكونية

For many years, scientists had been puzzled by the levels of ionizing radiation measured in the atmosphere. The assumption at the time was that the radiation would decrease as the distance from the earth, the then assumed source of the radiation, increased. The electroscopes previously used gave an approximate measurement of the radiation but indicated that at greater altitude in the atmosphere the level of radiation might actually be higher than that on the ground. He approached this mystery first by greatly increasing the precision of the measuring equipment, and then by personally taking the equipment aloft in a balloon. He systematically measured the radiation at altitudes up to 5.3 kilometres (3.3 mi) during 1911–1912. The daring flights were made both by day and during the night, at significant risk to himself.[4]
The result of Hess' meticulous work was published in the Proceedings of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and showed the level of radiation decreased up to an altitude of about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi), but above that the level increased considerably, with the radiation detected at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), being about twice that at sea level.[9] His conclusion was that there was radiation penetrating the atmosphere from outer space, and his discovery was confirmed by Robert Millikan, who gave the radiation the name cosmic rays. His discovery opened the door to many new discoveries in particle and nuclear physics.[4] In particular, both the positron and the muon were first discovered in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson. In 1936, Hess and Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discoveries of cosmic rays and the positron, respectively.
Personal life and death
In 1920, Hess married Marie Bertha Warner Breisky, who died of cancer in 1955.[10] The same year, he married Elizabeth M. Hoenke, who nursed Marie at the end of her life.[7]
Hess was a practicing Roman Catholic.[11] In 1946, he wrote on the topic of the relationship between science and religion in his article "My Faith", in which he explained why he believed in God.[12][13]
Hess died of Parkinson's disease on 17 December 1964 in Mount Vernon, New York, at the age of 81.[10]
Recognition
Awards
| Year | Organization | Award | Citation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1919 | Ignaz Lieben Prize | — | [14] | |
| 1936 | Nobel Prize in Physics[b] | "For his discovery of cosmic radiation." | [2] |
State decorations
| Year | Head of state | Decoration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Austrian Decoration for Science and Art | [15] |
Books
- Hess, Victor F. (1928). The Electrical Conductivity of the Atmosphere and its Causes.
See also
Notes
- ↑His middle name is sometimes anglicized as Francis.
- ↑Shared with Carl David Anderson.
References
- 12"Victor Franz Hess - Physics Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
- 12"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- 123"Victor F. Hess – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 August 2025. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- 123Angelo, Joseph A (2004). Nuclear Technology. Greenwood Press. pp. 121–124. ISBN 1-57356-336-6.
Victor Franz Hess was born on the 24th of June, 1883, in Waldstein Castle, near Peggau in Steiermark, Austria. His father, Vinzens Hess, was a forester in Prince Öttingen-Wallerstein's service and his mother was Serafine Edle von Grossbauer-Waldstätt. ...
- ↑"Victor Francis Hess". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ↑"Victor Francis Hess". www.fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 26 May 2026.
- 12Bill Breisky (7 August 2012). "Essay: On Its Centenary, Celebrating a Ride That Advanced Physics". New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ↑"Profile detail: Victor Franz Hess". Marquis Who's Who. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ↑V. F. Hess (1912). "Über Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei sieben Freiballonfahrten (English translation)". Physikalische Zeitschrift. 13: 1084–1091. arXiv:1808.02927.
- 12"Victor F. Hess, Physicist, Dies. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1936. Was Early Experimenter on Conductivity of Air. Taught at Fordham Till 1958". New York Times. 19 December 1964. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
... under his supervision, the United States Radium Corporation in New Jersey. ... Dr. Hess married Marie Bertha Warner Breisky in 1920; she died in 1955. ...
- ↑"Hess, Victor – Deutsche Biographie".
- ↑Victor Franz Hess. "My Faith". San Antonio Light Newspaper Archive. November 3, 1946, p. 52
- ↑"A Physicist's Faith".
- ↑"Preisträger" (in German). Ignaz Lieben Society. Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. Retrieved 29 November 2025.
- ↑"Reply to a parliamentary question"(PDF) (in German). p. 73. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
External links
Media related to Victor Franz Hess at Wikimedia Commons- Victor Hess on Nobelprize.org Biography and Nobel lecture
- Victor Francis Hess – Not only the Discoverer of the Cosmic Radiation Diploma thesis (in German)
- 1883 births
- 1964 deaths
- 20th-century American physicists
- People from Graz-Umgebung District
- American Nobel laureates
- Austrian emigrants to the United States
- Austrian Nobel laureates
- Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
- Austrian Roman Catholics
- Experimental physicists
- Fordham University faculty
- Nobel laureates in Physics
- Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
- Emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
- University of Graz alumni
- Academic staff of the University of Graz
- Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck
- Cosmic ray physicists
- Spectroscopists
- 20th-century Austrian physicists
