Dagohoy rebellion

هزم داغوهوي القوات الإسبانية التي أُرسلت ضده. وأسس حكومة مستقلة في جبال بوهول في 20 ديسمبر 1745، وكان لديه 3000 تابع، ارتفع عددهم لاحقًا إلى 20000. وظل أتباعه صامدين في معقلهم الجبلي، وحتى بعد وفاة داغوهوي، استمروا في تحدي السلطة الإسبانية. ^{[ 6 ]}

أحد أسباب نجاحه هو اعتماده على ممارسات الزراعة الجماعية . فبعد وفاة ملاك الأراضي الإسبان، رغب المزارعون في استئناف الزراعة. وسعى كثير منهم إلى تطبيق إصلاح زراعي، لكن الحكومة الثورية قررت أن يعملوا في مزارع جماعية تُعرف باسم "أوماهانغ" . وبذلك، يصبح المزارعون مالكين للمزارع التي يعملون فيها، ولهم رأي في شؤونها. وقد تم تجميع أكثر من 150 مزرعة في بوهول. ساهم هذا في تقليل نقص الغذاء خلال الثورة، بغض النظر عن تقلبات الطقس، وجعل من بوهول اليوم مركزًا زراعيًا رائدًا.

كان كهف في دانو مقرًا لداغوهوي. وتؤدي ممرات عديدة داخل كهف داغوهوي إلى اليابسة تحت الماء، ويُقال إنه في كل مرة كان الإسبان يفتشون الكهف، كان داغوهوي يسبح تحت الماء عبر هذا الممر ليختبئ في مساحة التنفس. ^{[ 7 ]}

كشف نيكولاس إنريل، الحاكم المدني لسيبو، عن انتهاكات الجيش وانتقدها خلال حملته لتهدئة التمرد في بوهول، كما شهد بذلك رهبان أوغسطينيون ريكوليكت، وهما الأب ميغيل دي جيسوس من بانغلاو والأب جوليان بيرميخو من بولجون، اللذان شهدا الفظائع. ^{[ 8 ]}

In the year 1826, the most harrowing event was at the Catagdaan Cave (currently in Pilar, Bohol). The expedition was led by Ignacio Manuel Cabrera and an adjutant named Mariano Fernandez who was able to corner the remnant of the rebels in the mountains. These people–predominantly women and children–seek refuge inside the deep cavern of Catagdaan, led by Mandog, along with all their precious belongings. Instead of negotiating a surrender, the military commander ordered an execution by suffocation, and for three days the soldiers piled massive amounts of combustible at the cave's primary mouth and set them ablaze, pumping thick, toxic smoke into the cavern. The natives knew of a hidden exit and it was incredibly narrow at the far end of the cave and they rushed toward it to escape being suffocated, yet a desperate warrior named Tupas attempted to squeeze through the tight crevice; however he was stuck firmly in the opening, and the crowd behind could not dislodge him.

After the fifth day since they suffocated the cave, they enter and plunder the site, they found 500 to 600 corpses of men, women, and children piled on top of one another who died from asphyxiation, with Tupas still stuck in the narrow passage. They stripped the dead of their precious belongings like gold, silver jewelry, fine clothing, six bantines (gong), and they also confiscated five small artillery pieces and the ammunition these natives possessed. Mandog and a few survivors who had managed to evade such gruesome event used the story to rally remaining factions, igniting a wave of furious retaliatory attacks that burned the churches and rectories of Catigbian and Dimiao, and they would have burn Balilihan, but spared due to the reinforcement from the neighboring towns ofBaclayon, Tagbilaran, and Dauis.^[8]

The Government in Manila deployed veteran troops under Captain Manuel Sanz to hunt down the remaining guerrilla defense. Enrile reported a staggering act of war crimes committed by Provincial Captain Celedonio Villahermosa, a native colonial officer from Dalaguete, Cebu. He captured several mountain dwellers who had voluntarily laid down their weapons and surrendered to them. However, Villahermosa decided to execute these people—under the orders of Commander Sanz—in a pretext that he lacked the food rations necessary to feed them. One by one, hundreds of these surrendered prisoners were beheaded in the mountains of Inabanga.^[8]

Due to fear of another uprising, Captain Manuel Sanz demanded that the chiefs of neighboring provinces hunt down any Boholano emigrants or refugees who had fled the island and forcibly return them to Bohol. While traveling back through the coastal towns of Cebu, Enrile personally witnessed in his own eyes a deeply distressing scene, he encountered captured Boholanos tied together like a livestocked, being marched under military guard.

Even during a march, Enrile himself saw a captive pregnant women who went into labor. The military guards refused to untie the line or delay the transport; they merely forced the column to halt in the middle of the dirt road just long enough for the woman to give birth in the dust. The moment the labor was over, without a time to rest or even clean herself or her newborn, the guards forced her to stand. She was made to strap her crying, vulnerable infant to her back using tattered rags and immediately resume the marching under the scorching sun to keep pace with the rest of the bound captives.^[8]

The alcalde-mayor of Cebu, Nicolas Enrile, provided a data demonstrating a staggering loss of life and mass exodus from the islands over a span of about 15 to 20 years. In 1830, Captain Sanz reported that 21,454 souls had been cathecized and five new towns were formed, however, by the year 1847, the number of registered taxpayers plummeted to 2,490, which—even multiplied by 5 individuals per taxpayers—yields only 12,452 souls at present.^[8]

Enrile also stated that the military occupation of Bohol wrecked the economy of the island, that it even cannot sustain itself. Before 1826, the coastal towns traded their products for the mountain dwellers unhusked rice, corn, cacao, and wax; and this trade is what kept the coastal towns under reduccion prosperous. The campaigns completely eradicated this trade network by exterminating and displacing the locals in the mountains. ^[8]

According to Enrile, tax and operational cost extracted by the military was way far beyond what the island of Bohol could produce by one-fifth (20%), making economic the island impoverished.^[8]

The cost of military conquest and maintenance of the naval stations for 20 years cost approximately $150,000, and the heaviest burden fell on the local communities who were forced to cover $100,000 of these expenses from their communal funds—these money that should have been used on public works and infrastructure.^[8]

Many of the most capable workforce of the island was conscripted by the Spanish military command. One of the example was the town of Baclayon being forced to surrender 5 barangayanen (ships), 120 men, and 120 sacks of rice just to supply a naval station. By pulling the youth away from agriculture, the island could no longer feed itself, and forcing them to import large quantities of corn from Negros and southern Cebu for six months out of the year.^[8]