اللغات الكاتوية
تُشكّل اللغات الكاتوية الخمس عشرة [ 1 ] فرعًا من اللغات الأسترونيزية، ويتحدث بها حوالي 1.5 مليون شخص في جنوب شرق آسيا. [ 2 ] يُطلق على متحدثي اللغات الكاتوية اسم الشعوب الكاتوية . ويشير بول سيدويل إلى أن اللغات الأسترونيزية/ المون-خميرية تتشابه معجميًا مع اللغات الكاتوية والبهنارية كلما تقاربت جغرافيًا. ويقول إن هذا التشابه الجغرافي لا يرتبط بفرع عائلة اللغات الذي تنتمي إليه كل لغة. كما يوضح أن اللغات الكاتوية والبهنارية لا تشترك في أي ابتكارات لغوية ، لذا فهي لا تُشكّل فرعًا واحدًا من عائلة اللغات الأسترونيزية، بل تُشكّل فرعين منفصلين.
تصنيف
في عام ١٩٦٦، أجرى اللغويان ديفيد توماس وريتشارد فيليبس، من معهد اللغويات الصيفي، تحليلًا إحصائيًا معجميًا للغات الأسترونيزية المختلفة في برّ جنوب شرق آسيا . أسفرت هذه الدراسة عن تحديد فرعين جديدين متميزين من اللغات الأسترونيزية، وهما الكاتوية والبهنارية (سيدويل ٢٠٠٩). ويشكك سيدويل (٢٠٠٥) في فرضية ديفلوث حول فيتو-كاتويك، مشيرًا إلى أن الأدلة غامضة، وأنه ليس من الواضح أين تنتمي الكاتوية ضمن هذه العائلة اللغوية. ولم تتوفر بيانات كافية لاستخدامها في التصنيف الفرعي للغات الكاتوية إلا بعد فتح لاوس أمام الباحثين الأجانب في تسعينيات القرن الماضي.
سيدويل (2005)
اقترح سيدويل (2005) التصنيف الفرعي التالي للغة كاتويك. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يحلل سيدويل (2009) فرع كاتو باعتباره المجموعة الفرعية الأكثر محافظة من كاتويك.
جيرمان (2019)
يقترح Gehrmann (2019) [ 3 ] التصنيف التالي للغات الكاتوية.
- بروتو-كاتويك
يذكر موقع Ethnologue أيضًا لغة كاسانغ ( لغة تاريانغ )، لكنها لغة من عائلة لغات باهناريك (سيدويل 2003). ويشير لي وآخرون (2014: 294) [ 4 ] إلى وجود مجموعة فرعية من لغة كاتو تُسمى با-هي تعيش في المناطق الجبلية في مقاطعة فونغ دين ، فيتنام، لكن واتسون (1996: 197) [ 5 ] يتحدث عن "باكوه باهي" كلغة من لغات باكوه .
Kuy and Bru each have around half a million speakers, while the Ta’Oi cluster has around 200,000 speakers.
Proto-language
Reconstructions of Proto-Katuic, or its sub-branches, include:
- Thomas (1967): A Phonology Reconstruction of Proto-East-Katuic
- Diffloth (1982): Registres, devoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en katouique
- Efinov (1983): Problemy fonologicheskoj rekonstrukcii proto-katuicheskogo jazyka
- Peiros (1996): Katuic Comparative Dictionary
- Therapahan L-Thongkum (2001): Languages of the Tribes in Xekong Province, Southern Laos
- Paul Sidwell (2005): The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon
Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of proto-Katuic as follows:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *c | *k | *ʔ |
| voiced | *b | *d | *ɟ | *ɡ | ||
| implosive | *ɓ | *ɗ | *ʄ | |||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | ||
| Liquid | *w | *l,*r | *j | |||
| Fricative | *s | *h | ||||
This is identical to reconstructions of proto-Austroasiatic except for *ʄ, which is better preserved in the Katuic languages than in other branches of Austro-Asiatic, and which Sidwell believes was also present in Proto-Mon Khmer.
Lexical isoglosses
Paul Sidwell (2015:185–186)[6] lists the following lexical innovations unique to Katuic that had replaced original Proto-Austroasiatic forms.
| Gloss | Proto-Katuic[7] | Proto-Austroasiatic |
|---|---|---|
| wife | *kɗial | *kdɔːr |
| year | *kmɔɔ | *cnam |
| cobra | *duur | *ɟaːt |
| mushroom | *trɨa | *psit |
| bone | *ʔŋhaaŋ | *cʔaːŋ |
| six | *tbat | *tpraw |
| eight | *tgɔɔl | *thaːm |
| head[8] | *pləə | *b/ɓuːk; *kuːj |
Sidwell (2015:173) lists the following lexical isoglosses shared between Katuic and Bahnaric.
| Gloss | Proto-Katuic | Proto-Bahnaric | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bark of tree | *ʔnɗɔh | *kɗuh | |
| claw/nail | *knrias | *krʔniəh | cf. Khmerkiəh 'to scratch' |
| skin | *ʔŋkar | *ʔəkaːr | |
| to stand up | *dɨk | *dɨk | may be borrowed from Chamic |
| tree/wood | *ʔalɔːŋ | *ʔlɔːŋ | cf. Proto-Khmuic *cʔɔːŋ |
| crossbow | *pnaɲ | *pnaɲ | cf. Old Monpnaɲ 'army' |
| horn | *ʔakiː | *ʔəkɛː | |
| palm, sole | *trpaːŋ | *-paːŋ | |
| salt | *bɔːh | *bɔh | |
| to steal | *toŋ | *toŋ | |
| ten | *ɟit | *cit |
Furthermore, Gerard Diffloth (1992)[9] lists the words 'centipede', 'bone', 'to cough', 'to fart', 'to breathe', and 'blood' as isoglosses shared between Katuic and Vietic. A Vieto-Katuic connection has also been proposed by Alves (2005).[10]
See also
- List of Proto-Katuic reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Further reading
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2018. Katuic presyllables and derivational morphology in diachronic perspective. In Ring, Hiram & Felix Rau (eds.), Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics, 132–156. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Special Publication No. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2017. The Historical Phonology of Kriang, A Katuic Language. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1, 114–139.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2016. The West Katuic languages: comparative phonology and diagnostic tools. Chiang Mai: Payap University MA Thesis.
- Gehrmann, Ryan. 2015. Vowel Height and Register Assignment in KatuicArchived 2021-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8. 56–70.
- Gehrmann, Ryan and Johanna Conver. 2015. Katuic Phonological FeaturesArchived 2021-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Mon-Khmer Studies 44. 55–67.
- Choo, Marcus. 2012. The Status of KatuicArchived 2019-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Choo, Marcus. 2010. Katuic Bibliography with Selected AnnotationsArchived 2019-07-06 at the Wayback Machine. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Choo, Marcus. 2009. Katuic BibliographyArchived 2019-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Sidwell, Paul. 2005. The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexiconArchived 2020-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 58. Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-802-7
- Sidwell, Paul. 2005. Proto-Katuic phonology and the sub-grouping of Mon-Khmer languagesArchived 2019-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. In Paul Sidwell (ed.), SEALSXV: Papers from the 15th Meeting of the South East Asian Linguistics Society, 193–204. Pacific Linguistics PL E1. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2002. The Role of endangered Mon-Khmer languages of Xekong Province, Southern Laos, in the reconstruction of Proto-Katuic. In Marlys Macken (ed.), Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 407–429. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
- Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2001. ภาษาของนานาชนเผ่าในแขวงเซกองลาวใต้. Phasa khong nanachon phaw nai khweng Sekong Lao Tai. [Languages of the tribes in Xekong province, Southern Laos]. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund.
- Peiros, Ilia. 1996. Katuic comparative dictionary. Pacific Linguistics C-132. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-435-9
- Miller, John & Carolyn Miller. 1996. Lexical comparison of Katuic Mon-Khmer languages with special focus on So-Bru groups in Northeast Thailand. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 255–290.
- Migliazza, Brian. 1992. Lexicostatistic analysis of some Katuic languages. In Amara Prasithrathsint & Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin (eds.), 3rd International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1320–1325. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
- Gainey, Jerry. 1985. A comparative study of Kui, Bruu and So phonology from a genetic point of view. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University MA thesis.
- Effimov, Aleksandr. 1983. Проблемы фонологической реконструкции прото-катуического языка. Probljemy phonologichjeskoj rjekonstruktsii Proto-Katuichjeskovo jazyka. [Issues in the phonological reconstruction of the Proto-Katuic language]. Moscow: Institute of Far Eastern studies Moscow dissertation.
- Diffloth, Gérard. 1982. Registres, dévoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en Katouique. [Registers, devoicing, vowel phonation: their history in Katuic]. Mon-Khmer Studies 11. 47–82.
- Thomas, Dorothy. M. (1967). A phonological reconstruction of Proto–East Katuic. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota MA thesis.
References
- ↑"Family: Austroasiatic". Glottolog. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ↑"Austroasiatic Languages". The Language Gulper. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ↑Gehrmann, Ryan. 2019. On the Origin of Rime Laryngealization in Ta’oiq: A Case Study in Vowel Height Conditioned Phonation Contrasts. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL 8), Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 29–31, 2019.
- ↑Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
- ↑Watson, Richard L. 1996. Why three phonologies for Pacoh? Mon-Khmer Studies 26: 197-205
- ↑Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
- ↑Reconstructions are from Sidwell (2005).
- ↑Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011.
- ↑Diffloth, Gérard. 1992. "Vietnamese As a Mon-Khmer Language." In Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, edited by Martha Ratliff and Eric Schiller. 125-139. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
- ↑Alves, Mark. 2005. "The Vieto-Katuic Hypothesis: Lexical Evidence." In SEALS XV: Papers from the 15th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2003, edited by Paul Sidwell. 169-176. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
- Sidwell, Paul. (2005). The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexiconArchived 2020-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-802-7
- Sidwell, Paul. (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the artArchived 2019-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
External links
- Frank Huffman Katuic Audio Archives
- Paul Sidwell (2003)
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6712-F@view Katuic languages in RWAAI Digital Archive
- Katuic languages
- Languages of Laos
- Languages of Thailand
- Languages of Vietnam
