ثقافة رينالدون

Until the 1990s, there was almost no clear carbon-14 dating attributable to this culture.^[10] The situation has since evolved, in particular thanks to the numerous dates carried out on the burials of the Selvicciola necropolis in the north of Lazio.^[11][12] This culture begins around 3700 BC and ends around 2100 BC. Its duration is therefore exceptionally long.^[13] It is still too early to propose internal subdivisions.^[14] The axes are distinguished by a different composition from other objects.^[14]

The sites attributable to the Rinaldone culture are mainly located in the north and centre of Lazio,^[15] in the south and centre of Tuscany^[5] and to a lesser extent in Umbria.^[16] However, contrary to what was initially assumed^[17] there are also sites south of the Tiber, especially in the region of Rome.^[18][19] It is also proven from the beginning its development in the region of Marche,^[20] but in this region, the characteristic fiascoes of this culture are rare^[21] and quickly the entire eastern part of the Apennines seems to be undergoing autonomous cultural development.^[22] It appears punctually as far as Abruzzo.^[23][24]

In the most recent phase, it even seems to extend southwards to Lazio where it replaces the Gaudo culture.^[19][25] However, the borders with other cultures are particularly blurred. In central Lazio, the Rinaldone culture coexists alongside the Gaudo culture and Ortucchio culture between 3130 and 2870 BC and even beyond.^[26]

The influences of the Rinaldone culture beyond its main development area are visible in the presence of objects inspired or directly derived from it. Metal objects can be found in the south of France, probably of Italian origin,^[27] as in Fontaine-le-Puits in Savoie.^[28] Several copper daggers supposedly of Rinaldone origin have even been discovered in Switzerland.^[29] According to some researchers, the culture of Rinaldone was at the origin of the development of the metallurgy in the south of France.^[14] There are strong similarities between the latter and the metallurgical practices attested to at Cabrières in Hérault.^[30] However, this hypothesis is discussed due to the lack of data on possible relays between central Italy and southern France.^[31]

On the other hand, Rinaldone's culture is not impervious to external influences. There is even a facies derived from this culture in Tuscany that bears the name of the cave in which it was identified, the facies of Sassi Neri.^[32] In the eponymous site but also in neighbouring sites such as the Fontino cave near Grosseto and the San Giuseppe cave in Elba Island, the objects, especially the vases, have characteristics that bring them closer to the cultures of Rinaldone, Gaudo Culture and Laterza Culture.^[33] Relationships between Rinaldone's and Gaudo's culture are also visible in the Rome region. In a tomb in Tenuta della Selcetta 2 vases of both cultures are associated.^[34] Similarly, in Osteria del Curato-Via Cinquefrondi, in a necropolis Laterza Culture-Ortucchio Culture, a female tomb containing Rinaldone, Laterza and Gaudo ceramics has been exhumed.^[34] In addition, the structure of the tombs, the funeral ritual and the presence in both cases of long arrowheads bring the cultures of Rinaldone and Gaudo closer together.^[35]

مع ذلك، تبقى هذه التأثيرات المتبادلة نادرة عمومًا ومقتصرة على جوانب عامة. ^{[ 36 ]} ويتجلى هذا الانغلاق النسبي لثقافة رينالدون على التأثيرات الخارجية بوضوح خلال تطور ثقافة الجرسية حوالي عام 2600 قبل الميلاد. خارج مقبرة فونتانيل دي رايم في شمال لاتسيو، ^{[ 37 ]} حيث يبدو أن الثقافتين تمتزجان، توجد عمومًا مواقع تعود أثاثاتها بالكامل إلى إحداهما دون الأخرى. ^{[ 13 ]}