The Wealth of Networks

📅 آخر تحديث: ٢٨ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
✍️ نُشر في: ٢٨ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
📷 يحتوي على 1 صور
الموسوعة الحرة

The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom is a book by Harvard Law School professor Yochai Benkler published by Yale University Press on April 3, 2006.[1] The book has been recognized as one of the most influential works of its time concerning the rise and impact of the Internet on the society, particularly in the sphere of economics. It also helped popularize the term Benkler coined few years earlier, the commons-based peer production (CBPP).

A PDF of the book is downloadable under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Share-alike license.[2] Benkler has said that his editable online book is "an experiment of how books might be in the future", demonstrating how authors and readers might connect instantly or even collaborate.[3]

Summary

Part 1: The networked information economy

Benkler describes the current epoch as a "moment of opportunity" due to the emergence of what he terms the Networked Information Economy (NIE), a "technological-economic feasibility space"[4] that is the result of the means of producing media becoming more socially accessible. Benkler states that his methodology in the text is to look at social relations using economics, liberal political theory, and focuses on individual actions in nonmarket relations.

Benkler sees communication and information as the most important cultural and economic outputs of advanced economies. He traces the emergence and development of various communications (radio, newspapers, television) through the 19th and 20th centuries as functions of increasingly centralized control due to the high cost factor of production, and believes that media was thus produced on an industrial scale. Benkler's term for this is the industrial information economy.

With the emergence of computers, networks, and increasingly affordable media production outlets, Benkler introduces the concept of the NIE, which sees media access as a form of power, and recognizes decentralized individual actions in said media as a result of the removal of physical and economic constraints to the creation of media. To Benkler, this is due to a new feasibility space: lowered costs of access via digital production and radical decentralization rather than centralized messaging ("coordinate coexistence", 30).

This results in emerging productions of information that use non-proprietary strategies (such as GNU licences and collaborative production formats).

Goods

The forms of cultural productions—music is an example Benkler uses frequently—are either rival or nonrival. Rival products decrease as they are used (e.g. pounds of flour), the use of nonrival products (e.g. listening to a song) does not decrease their availability for further use.

Static vs. dynamic efficiency: one premise of exclusive rights has always been that only financial incentives can facilitate participation in information production. Benkler argues that in an age where computers reduce the cost of production, the equation of innovation-to-rights shifts as well.

The declining cost of communication means that in the networked society there are fewer barriers for individual cultural production that are "meaningful" to other users. Thus, in network economy, "human capacity becomes primary scarce resource".[5]

Peer production

To close this section, Benkler argues that the networked environment makes possible a new modality of organizing production: that of commons-based peer production. He discusses the parameters of the commons and gives the example of free and open-source software. He discusses shared acts of communication (utterances, reviews, distribution of information) and goods (like server space). Lastly, he draws a contrast to the regulation and rival resource of radio spectrum bandwidth and the sharability of space in a digital commons.

Economics of social production

Benkler argues here that the networked society allows for the emergence of non-hierarchical groups that are committed to information production. Open software is one of the ways one can view the emergence of this new form of information production. "Commons-based" peer production eschews traditional rational choice models offered by economists. Benkler details some of the key components of this new economy based not on financial remuneration but on user-involvement, accreditation, and tools that promote collaboration between individuals.

In order to understand why people engage in production aside from financial incentives, Benkler argues that one can distinguish two types of motivation:

  1. Extrinsic motivation: motivation that comes from outside in the form of financial reward, punishment, etc.
  2. Intrinsic motivation: motivation that derives from within oneself, such as the pleasure involved in completing a task.

Part 2: The political economy of property and commons

In this section, Benkler examines the relationship of individual access to participation in the dissemination and creation of information via communication systems, building on his earlier ideas of commons-based peer production.

He examines the historical emergence of the mass media, looking at the relationship between print and radio and ever-broadening, industrial broadcast models of production which became supported by advertising. The criticisms of mass media which Benkler brings up include:

  • its commercialism, because he sees that as supporting the development of programs that appeal to large audiences rather than specific interests, in the name of mass broadcasting;
  • limited intake of information, due to the relatively small number of people gathering information;
  • too much power assigned to too few people.

Benkler moves from this overview and criticism to exploring what this text describes as the potential for networked communications to do:

"Better access to knowledge and the emergence of less capital-dependent forms of productive social organization offer the possibility that the emergence of the networked information economy will offer up opportunities for improvement in economic justice, on scales both global and local."[6]

From passive to active

For Benkler, another key component of the network society is that individuals are more active in producing their education and cultural production. According to him, online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia allow for users to create rather than just consume knowledge and information.

Part 3: Policies of freedom at a moment of transformation

Benkler begins chapter 10 stating two early views on the anticipated social impact the internet would have on the users and their community:

Firstly, the internet removed the user from society and allowed the individual to lead a life that was no longer molded by the interactions and experiences of a physical tangible civilisation with others. The second view was that using the internet would widen the field of a user's community by providing a novel system of communication and interaction.

He observes that users show enhanced relationships with their close contacts while increasing the numbers of less close contacts with relationships maintained through internet mediated interaction. He believes this latter change stems from the shift from the one-to-many model of media distribution to a many-to-many model where it is more user centered and controlled.

Benkler remarks that the early views were made on the premise that internet communication would replace real-world forms communication rather than co-exist alongside it. He introduces the idea of the networked individual who governs their own interactions and microcommunity roles in both real and virtual space and dynamically switches between when needed, eventually concluding that the early views were nostalgic and somewhat fatuous.

A definition is offered whereby cultural freedom occupies a position that relates to both political and individual autonomy, but is synonymous with neither.[7] Benkler then goes on to add that culture is significant because that is the context within which people exist – these are their shared understandings, frameworks, meanings and references.

Reception

2011-08 Haifa Wikimania Yochai Benkler DSCF6547

Blogs

When Benkler's The Wealth of Networks was released in 2006, Lawrence Lessig announced the release of the book on his blog, stating: “This is—by far—the most important and powerful book written in the fields that matter most to me in the last ten years. If there is one book you read this year, it should be this.”[8]The Wealth of Networks has been reviewed by many other blogs in addition to the Lessig blog, including Rough Type,[9]Dreams in Digital,[10]denoer,[11] and Reading Media Under The Tree.[12] Less than a month after its release in 2006, The Wealth of Networks became the focus of an intense read and review seminar on the political blog Crooked Timber. After reading the book, six scholars (several of them founding members of crookedtimbre.org) posted their reactions to the book, and at the end of the seminar, Yochai Benkler was given the opportunity to respond to the comments.[13]

Mass media

Book reviews of The Wealth of Networks have also been featured by several news publications, including Financial Times,[14]The Times,[15] and the New Statesman.[16]

Academic journals

كما نُشرت مراجعات للكتاب في مجلات أكاديمية مثل: Global Media and Communication ، [ 17 ] Information Economics and Policy ، [ 18 ] Information Processing & Management ، [ 19 ] International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society ، [ 20 ] Journal of Business and Technical Communication ، [ 21 ] Journal of Media Economics ، [ 22 ] Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law ، [ 23 ] Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly ، [ 24 ] Scandinavian Journal of Management ، [ 25 ] Social Science Computer Review ، [ 26 ] Rue Descartes ، [ 27 ] The Communication Review ، [ 28 ] The German Law Journal ، [ 29 ] The Independent Review ، [ 30 ] The University of Chicago Law Review ، [ 31 ] The Yale Law Journal ، [ 32 ] و Theory, Culture & Society . [ 33 ]

آخر

بالإضافة إلى مراجعات الكتب، أجريت مقابلات مع يوشاي بنكلر حول كتاب "ثروة الشبكات" ونُشرت بواسطة openDemocracy.net ، [ 34 ] و openBusiness.cc ، [ 35 ] و Public Knowledge ، [ 36 ] ودُعي بنكلر لإلقاء محاضرة تستند إلى كتاب "ثروة الشبكات" في مركز التقدم الأمريكي في 31 مايو 2006. [ 37 ]

نقد

أسلوب الكتابة

In terms of Benkler's writing style, criticism on Crooked Timber targeted two main points: 1) that the book is written in a style that is too dense for the average reader, and 2) that it attempts to cover too many topics. As Dan Hunter points out in his review titled "A General Theory of Information Policy", The Wealth of Networks is an attempt to articulate an underlying, grander "whole" that ties together the myriad issues involved in information policy and the internet. Hunter states: "Benkler provides something close to a General Theory of Information Policy for the networked age that begins to explain how we should think about topics as different as spectrum policy, copyright, user-generated content, network neutrality…well, the list pretty much encompasses all questions within internet law and policy."[38] Hunter's main criticism of the book is that it is too academically dense for the average reader, and too reliant on assuming the reader is familiar with several internet organizations and websites, such as Wikipedia, PayPal, and Slashdot. As Hunter later states:

"I'm worried that too many of the peer-producers—the blog writers, the open source software gurus, the amateurs who create for the love of it; in short the people who this book is written about—will pick up this work in the hope of understanding how their creativity fits into the grand scheme of innovation, and what their role will be in the amateur production sphere that promises to change the way that we view information goods within society. And they may not get past the introduction."[38]

Physical hardware and infrastructure

Another criticism of Benkler's theory is that so much focus is given to the potential of peer-production and innovation in the networked information economy, but little to no attention spent addressing issues related to the physical hardware required to keep the network that Benkler's theories rely on up and running. In a review of the book by Siva Vaidhyanathan, Benkler's "soft technological determinism" is brought under fire. Vaidhyanathan states:

" تبقى هذه المسألة غير مُغطاة في النص: قصة التكنولوجيا نفسها. يبدو أن هناك، في جميع أنحاء النص، نوعًا من التسليم المُسلّم به بشأن التكنولوجيا. بروتوكول TCP/IP موجودٌ فحسب. حتى خوادم سيسكو سيئة السمعة، التي كانت مصدرًا للكثير من التوتر حول نهاية حيادية الشبكة، تظهر فجأة... نشعر بأن تقنيات معينة قابلة للتغيير والتكيف، ومشروطة، ومتأثرة بالعوامل الاجتماعية. لا نجد أي ذكر لرغبات المطورين أو تكيفات المستخدمين. لا نحصل إلا على سردٍ سطحي للصراعات حول مستقبل هذه التقنيات التي أطلقت العنان (بتعبيرٍ مُحمّل بالمعاني) لهذا القدر الهائل من الإبداع. " [ 39 ]

تناول بنكلر هذا النقد في رده على مراجعة فايدياناثان، معترفاً بأنه ربما كان من الممكن إيلاء المزيد من الاهتمام للعناصر المادية لاقتصاد المعلومات الشبكي:

« شكوى [فايدياناثان]... هي أنني كتبتُ كتابًا عن كيفية تداخل ديناميكيات التكنولوجيا والمجتمع والاقتصاد والقانون لتغيير كيفية إنتاج المعلومات والمعرفة والثقافة تغييرًا جذريًا، بدلًا من كتابٍ عن ديناميكيات كيفية وصول المكون التكنولوجي نفسه إلى ما هو عليه، وكيف يمكن أن يتغير أو لا يتغير في ظل الضغوط الحالية... ليس كل كتابٍ يمكن أن يتناول كل شيء. ربما يكون فايدياناثان محقًا في أن كتابًا يقدم رؤيةً شاملةً كهذه عن بيئة المعلومات الشبكية يحتاج إلى فصلٍ عن التكنولوجيا نفسها: من أين نشأت، وما هي الديناميكيات والضغوط، تاريخيًا وحاليًا، التي أدت إلى ماضيها والتي تؤثر على مستقبلها. » [ 39 ]

في مراجعة للكتاب بقلم بن بيترز، وردت مشاعر مشابهة لانتقادات فايدياناثان: " قد يكون من المفيد أيضًا مراعاة التكاليف الباهظة للبنية التحتية للمعلومات، وكابلات الألياف الضوئية، وشبكة الواي فاي، وأجهزة الكمبيوتر المحمولة التي يعتمد عليها تفاؤل بنكلر في مجال التنمية الدولية. " [ 40 ] وفي مجلة "المراجعة المستقلة: مجلة الاقتصاد السياسي" ، ذكر بيتر ج. كلاين ما يلي:

على الرغم من أن المعلومات نفسها لا يمكن "امتلاكها"، فإن الوسائط المادية التي تُضمّن فيها المعلومات وتُنقل عبرها تُعدّ سلعًا اقتصادية نادرة. قد تتوق المعلومات إلى أن تكون "مجانية"، لكن الكابلات والمحولات وأجهزة التوجيه ومحركات الأقراص والمعالجات الدقيقة وما شابهها تتوق إلى أن تكون مملوكة. هذه الابتكارات لا تنشأ من فراغ؛ بل هي من إبداعات رواد أعمال يسعون إلى الربح، ويشتريها المستهلكون أو غيرهم من رواد الأعمال لاستخدامها كما يرونه مناسبًا . [ 30 ]

التفاؤل

استهدف ديريك بيلت، الذي استعرض الكتاب على مدونته بعنوان "الحلم في العالم الرقمي"، تفاؤل بنكلر كنقطة نقده الرئيسية، مشيرًا إلى أن تفاؤل بنكلر كان متجذرًا بشكل مفرط في ما هو ممكن في المستقبل، متجاهلًا الوضع الذي نجد أنفسنا فيه كمجتمع في الوقت الحاضر فيما يتعلق بسياسة المعلومات. ويقول:

إن إيمانه الراسخ بالصالح العام يمنح الأمل في المستقبل، لكنه لا يتناول الحاضر بشكل كافٍ، تاركًا القراء يتساءلون عما كان سيقوله عن احتمالات عقد آخر يسيطر فيه اقتصاد المعلومات الصناعية، المدعوم من جماعات ضغط قوية ونشاط تشريعي متمرد، على زمام الأمور. هل كان مستقبلنا سيبدو مشرقًا إلى هذا الحد حينها ؟ [ 10 ]

وعلى النقيض من هذه الهجمات على تفاؤل بنكلر، أشارت مراجعة أجرتها ديبورا هالبرت إلى ما يلي:

على الرغم من كونه مؤيدًا للتكنولوجيا عمومًا ، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالإنترنت، فإن بنكلر ليس من دعاة التفاؤل التكنولوجي المفرط. فهو يرى أن دعاة التفاؤل التكنولوجي المفرط الذين يعتبرون الإنترنت منصة عامة مثالية مخطئون، وكذلك الحال بالنسبة للمتشائمين من التكنولوجيا الذين يعتقدون أن الإنترنت يؤدي ببساطة إلى زيادة التشرذم والاغتراب. ويسعى بنكلر إلى إيجاد حل وسط، مجادلًا بأن نموذج الإعلام الصناعي القائم على السيطرة المركزية على الاتصالات الجماهيرية يتناسب تمامًا مع الأنظمة الاستبدادية . [ 41 ]

اتخذ جاك بالكن ، أحد المشاركين في قراءة ومراجعة كتاب "كروكد تيمبر"، موقفاً مماثلاً في تفسيره لتفاؤل بنكلر، حيث صرح بما يلي:

يتأرجح كتاب بنكلر بين وصف متفائل لما أنتجه وسيتجه إليه الاقتصاد الرقمي الشبكي، وتحذير من أن هذه المكاسب ستُهدر إذا ما سلك النظام القانوني مسارًا خاطئًا... فبقدر ما قد يتمنى بنكلر أن تقودنا سمات البيئة الرقمية الشبكية واقتصاد المعلومات حتمًا نحو عالم مزدهر من الإنتاج التشاركي، إلا أنه يدرك تمامًا أن الاقتصاد السياسي لإنتاج المعلومات قد دفع القانون مرارًا وتكرارًا في مسار مختلف. يُرينا بنكلر عالمًا نابضًا بالحياة نتجه نحوه وقد نصل إليه يومًا ما؛ لكن الأمر متروك لنا لتحقيقه .

The Wealth of Networks has been criticized for technological determinism. David M. Berry contends that Benkler's work builds on "a rather shaky binary distinction between proprietary industrial forms of economic and technological structure and non-proprietary peer-production models".[42] Berry challenges Benkler's assumptions that network fosters non-proprietary models and that the latter are sounder and ethically preferable to the former model. According to Berry, Benkler fails to recognize that should network forms of organization happen to be wealth generating, "they will be co-opted into mainstream 'industrial' ways of production. To paraphrase Steve Jobs, the corporate world may soon provide peer-production for the rest of us."[43] Johan Söderberg links Benkler's optimism towards networked modes of production to a larger current of thought generated by the hacker community. Drawing on Serge Proulx' work, Söderberg asserts that such a narrative, neoliberal in origin, recomposes the discussion on information society in a problematic way: "The fantasy of a frictionless market in information is transformed into a vision of an information-sharing society".[44]

Praise

Future of information policy and network development

Although The Wealth of Networks has been the target of pointed criticism, the vast majority of published reviews are very emphatic about the fact that despite certain criticisms, The Wealth of Networks is an incredibly important book, and brings to the table many issues that are pertinent to the future of information policy and network development. Benkler is credited with bringing forth new perspectives related to social production, the role of the commons, how society is using and interacting with the internet, and how the internet is transforming the way people interact, create, and exchange goods and information. As Siva Vaidhyanathan stated in the opening of his review, "there is no better place to turn for an account of the processes of creativity and commerce relating to digital networks and the work that people do with them."[39] More specifically, The Wealth of Networks is also hailed as an incredibly important piece of writing for those advocating for greater protection of the cultural commons and open access models on the Internet. For the German Law Journal, James Brink wrote:

"The Wealth of Networks is a worthwhile outward- and forward-looking manifesto for an information infrastructure that has come of age. At the same time, internet advocates would do well to take Benkler's lessons in the history of the industrial information economy to heart, and to work hard to fulfill his vision of a true commons-based and nonproprietary ecology within the networked information economy."[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑Benkler, Yochai (2006), The wealth of networks : how social production transforms markets and freedom (1st ed.), New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, p. 528, ISBN 0-300-11056-1
  2. ↑Wealth of Networks wiki. Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. Last accessed 16 Feb 2012.
  3. ↑Motoko, Rich (5 June 2006). "Digital Publishing Scrambles The Rules". The New York Times.
  4. ↑Benkler 2006, p. 31.
  5. ↑Benkler 2006, pp. 50–52.
  6. ↑Benkler 2006, p. 131.
  7. ↑Benkler 2006, p. 274.
  8. ↑Lessig, Lawrence (15 April 2006). "Benkler's Book is Out". Lessig (Blog).
  9. ↑Nick (2006-07-19). "Calacanis's wallet and the Web 2.0 dream". ROUGH TYPE. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  10. 12Belt, Derek (16 November 2009). "Book Review: Yochai Benkler's "The Wealth of Networks"".
  11. ↑ifarmurban (2007-07-29). "07.29.07 Benkler: Wealth". denoer. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  12. ↑"Networked Information Economy". Reading Media under the tree. 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  13. ↑"Introduction: The Wealth of Networks seminar". Crooked Timber. 2006-05-30. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  14. ↑Miller, Paul (2006). "Net gains". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  15. ↑Duguid, Paul (July 7, 2006). "Netizens Awake". The Times.
  16. ↑Cukier, Kenneth (4 September 2006). "Power To The People". New Statesmen. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011.
  17. ↑Currah, Andrew (2007-08-01). "Book review: Yochai Benkler: The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2006. 515 pp. ISBN 0 3001 1056 1". Global Media and Communication. 3 (2): 220–223. doi:10.1177/174276650707841801. ISSN 1742-7665. S2CID 144940272.
  18. ↑"The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom | Yochai Benkler, New Haven and London. Yale University Press (2006). xii + 515 pp., US$40.00, ISBN 978 0 30011056 2". Information Economics and Policy. 19 (2): 278–282. 2007-06-01. doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2007.03.001. hdl:1959.3/37573. ISSN 0167-6245.
  19. ↑“Hank” Foley, Henry C. (March 2008). "The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom (hardcover), Yochai Benkler. Yale University Press (2006). 528 pp., ISBN-10: 0300110561; ISBN-13: 978-0300110562". Information Processing & Management. 44 (2): 982–983. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2007.05.006.
  20. ↑Sylvain, Olivier (2008-04-30). "Contingency and the 'Networked Information Economy': A Critique of 'The Wealth of Networks'". International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society. 4 (3). Rochester, NY: 203–210. doi:10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v04i03/55871. S2CID 153018230. SSRN 1266860.
  21. ↑Edwards, Mike (July 2009). "Book Review: Benkler, Yochai. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 515 pages". Journal of Business and Technical Communication. 23 (3): 376–379. doi:10.1177/1050651909333279. ISSN 1050-6519. S2CID 143882648.
  22. ↑Bates, Benjamin J. (2007-05-30). "Yochai Benkler. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom". Journal of Media Economics. 20 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1080/08997760701193787. ISSN 0899-7764. S2CID 152756127.
  23. ↑Bartow, Ann (2007-02-23). "Some Peer-to-Peer, Democratically and Voluntarily Produced Thoughts About 'The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom,' by Yochai Benkler". Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law. Rochester, NY. SSRN 964735.
  24. ↑Eckstrand, Victoria (2006). "The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 83 (3): 728–730. ProQuest 216932562.
  25. ↑Rehn, Alf (September 2007). "The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Of Peers and Men, Yochai Benkler. Yale University Press, New Haven (2006)". Scandinavian Journal of Management. 23 (3): 356–357. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2007.02.006.
  26. ↑Cropf, Robert A. (May 2008). "Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom . New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 528 pp. $40.00 (papercloth)". Social Science Computer Review. 26 (2): 259–261. doi:10.1177/1084713807301373. ISSN 0894-4393. S2CID 144567103.
  27. ↑LETERRE, THIERRY (2007). "Review of The Wealth of Networks How social production transforms markets and freedom". Rue Descartes. 55 (55): 110–116. doi:10.3917/rdes.055.0110. ISSN 1144-0821. JSTOR 40980538.
  28. ↑ بولمر، غرانت (31 أغسطس/آب 2010). "مقال نقدي لكتاب: هل فهم الشبكة غير واضح؟ مراجعة لأربعة أعمال معاصرة" . مجلة مراجعة الاتصالات . 13 (3): 243-260 . doi : 10.1080/10714421.2010.505157 . ISSN 1071-4421 . S2CID 142925954 .  
  29. 1 2 برينك، جيمس (2006). "مراجعة كتاب - يوشاي بنكلر، ثروة الشبكات: كيف يُحوّل الإنتاج الاجتماعي الأسواق والحرية (2006)" . المجلة الألمانية للقانون . 17 : 862.
  30. 1 2 كلاين، بيتر ج. (2009). "ثروة الشبكات: كيف يُحوّل الإنتاج الاجتماعي الأسواق والحريات" . المجلة المستقلة: مجلة الاقتصاد السياسي . 13 : 515.
  31. ↑ فريشمان، بريت م. (2007). بنكلر، يوشاي (محرر). "البيئية الثقافية و"ثروة الشبكات"" . مجلة جامعة شيكاغو للقانون . 74 (3): 1083– 1143. ISSN 0041-9494 . JSTOR 4495631 .  
  32. ↑ ستراهيليفيتز، ليئور جاكوب؛ بنكلر، يوشاي (1 مايو 2007). "ثروة الشبكات: كيف يُحوّل الإنتاج الاجتماعي الأسواق والحرية" . مجلة ييل للقانون . 116 (7): 1472. doi : 10.2307/20455766 . hdl : 10535/7396 . JSTOR 20455766 . 
  33. ↑ بيري، ديفيد م. (2008-12-01). "فقر الشبكات: ثروة الشبكات" بقلم يوشاي بنكلر، نيو هيفن، كونيتيكت: مطبعة جامعة ييل، 2007، 515 صفحة، ISBN 0 300 12577 1، غلاف ورقي 11.99 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا. فك شفرة التحرر: وعد البرمجيات الحرة والمفتوحة المصدر بقلم سمير تشوبرا وسكوت ديكستر، نيويورك: روتليدج، 2008، 232 صفحة، ISBN 0 415 97893 4، غلاف مقوى 60.00 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا. الاستغلال: نظرية الشبكات بقلم ألكسندر غالواي ويوجين ثاكر، مينيابوليس: مطبعة جامعة مينيسوتا، 2007، 256 صفحة، ISBN 0 816 65044 6، غلاف ورقي 12.00 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا . النظرية والثقافة والمجتمع . 25 ( 7-8 ): 364-372 . doi : 10.1177/0263276408097813 . ISSN 0263-2764 . S2CID 140376255 .  
  34. ↑ أهليرت، كريستينا؛ يوشاي بنكلر (26 أبريل 2006). "استخراج ثروة الشبكات مع يوشاي بنكلر" . openDemocracy.
  35. ↑"The Wealth of Networks". OpenBusiness. 24 April 2006.
  36. ↑Sohn, Gigi (3 October 2006). "The Wealth of Networks". Public Knowledge. Archived from the original on 2012-06-09.
  37. ↑"Yochai Benkler: The Wealth of Networks". The Internet Archive. 2006.
  38. 12Hunter, Dan (30 May 2006). "A General Theory of Information Policy". The Crooked Timber (Blog).
  39. 123Vaidhyanathan, Siva; Benkler, Yochai (30 May 2006). "The Dialectic of Technology". The Crooked Timbre (Blog).
  40. ↑Peters, Ben (18 March 2008). "Anna Schwartz on Benkler's Wealth of Networks". Working Notes: Ben Peters’ Work Blog.
  41. ↑Halbert, Debra (August 2006). "The Wealth of Networks: How Social productions Transforms Markets and Freedoms, by Yochai Benkler". The Law and Politics Book Review. 16: 573–574. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012.
  42. ↑Berry, David M, (2008) "The poverty of networks". Theory, Culture & Society 25(7–8): 364–372
  43. ↑Berry, 2008: 369
  44. ↑Söderberg, Johan (2013). "Determining social change: The role of technological determinism in the collective action framing of hackers". New media & society 15(8): 1277–1293
  • Wiki of the book, summaries, commentary, downloads
  • Copies of the book: HTML, PDF
  • Audio of Benkler's talk, "The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom," given at UC Berkeley's Boalt Hall School of Law on 27 April 2006.
  • Netizens awake, Paul Duguid, The Times Literary Supplement, July 7, 2006.
  • outsidethemarket.info (archived copy at https://web.archive.org/),—a remix of an essay which is based on the book
  • Free digitally-voiced audiobook of The Wealth Of Networks at Babblebooks.com