Battle of Veii

42°01′26″N12°24′5″E / 42.02389°N 12.40139°E / 42.02389; 12.40139

The battle of Veii, also known as the siege of Veii,^[1] involved ancient Rome, and is approximately dated at 396 BC. The main source about it is Livy's Ab Urbe Condita.

The battle of Veii was the final battle between the Romans, who were led by Marcus Furius Camillus, who had been elected dictator, and the Etruscan city of Veii. Veii had resisted the Romans in a long and inconclusive war with victories and defeats on both sides. The Romans besieged Veii and dug a tunnel beneath the city. Camillus attacked the city on all sides so as to distract the Veientines. The Romans then emerged from the tunnel and their forces quickly overwhelmed Veii.

The Romans were led by Marcus Furius Camillus, elected dictator (in the Roman Republic, this was an emergency general rather than a tyrant) after Rome had suffered defeats. Their opponent, the Etruscan city of Veii, was a large city about 16 km (10 miles) from Rome. When Camillus took over command, Veii was under siege, and the Veientines had already destroyed a large quantity of siege equipment prepared by the Romans. In order to break into the city, the Romans dug a tunnel through the soft tufa rock on which the city was built.

Livy describes the scene with the Veientines holed up in their city, the main Roman force encamped outside and a second force set to attack from within via the tunnel. After Camillus had taken the auspices, he had uttered the following prayer:

Pythian Apollo, guided and inspired by thy will I go forth to destroy the city of Veii, and a tenth part of its spoils I devote to thee. Thee too, Queen Juno, who now dwellest in Veii, I beseech, that thou wouldst follow us, after our victory, to the City which is ours and which will soon be thine, where a temple worthy of thy majesty will receive thee.

Relying on the superior size of the Roman army, Camillus attacked the city on all sides. The intent of Camillus' attack was to distract the Veientines from the mine by forcing their soldiers to defend the walls.

تساءل الفيينتيون "ما الذي حدث ليجعل الرومان، بعد أن ظلوا ثابتين في صفوفهم لأيام عديدة، يندفعون الآن بتهور نحو الأسوار كما لو أصيبوا بهياج مفاجئ". ^{[ 2 ]}

بينما كان الفيينتيون الغافلون يهرعون للدفاع عن أسوارهم من الهجوم المفاجئ للجيش الروماني، خرجت قوات رومانية مختارة من مدخل النفق داخل معبد جونو. وسرعان ما تغلبوا على الفيينتيين وبدأوا مذبحة شاملة. ومع انحسار القتال، أصدر كاميلوس أوامره بالعفو عن العُزّل الذين بدأوا بالاستسلام بينما كان الجنود يجمعون الغنائم.

أثارت الثروة إعجاب كاميلوس لدرجة أنه ألقى خطاباً، استدار خلاله وتعثر، وهو ما اعتبر نذيراً لإدانته اللاحقة ونهب روما ، الذي أعقب ذلك ببضع سنوات بعد معركة أليا .

استُعبد الناجون. ثم أعاد الرومان توطين المدينة. وقد ساهم تدمير معقل الأتروسكان هذا في ترسيخ مكانة روما المتنامية في وسط إيطاليا.