Berry, France

The Duchy of Berry (French pronunciation:[beʁi]^ⓘ; Occitan: Barric; Latin: Bituria) was a former province located in central France. It was a province of France until departments replaced the provinces on 4 March 1790, when Berry became divided between the départements of Cher (Upper Berry) and Indre (Lower Berry).

Berry is notable as the birthplace of several kings and other members of the French royal family, and was the birthplace of the knight Baldwin Chauderon, who fought in the First Crusade. In the Middle Ages, Berry became the center of the Duchy of Berry's holdings. It is also known for an illuminated manuscript produced in the 14th–15th century called Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

In later times, the writer George Sand spent much of her life at her Berry estate in Nohant, and Berry's landscape and specific culture figure in much of Sand's writings.

The Duchy was governed by the Duke/Duchess of Berry, who after 1601 was a senior member of the French royal family. The title of 'Duke of Berry' was by this period divested of territorial significance, and instead held by princes of the royal house, the last of which was Charles Ferdinand d'Artois.^[1]

In c.750, the Counties of Berry and Bourges were created by the King of the Franks. In 843, the County of Berry became part of the Royal domain or crown lands controlled by the king. From 878 to 892, the county was part of the County of Auvergne, but became independent once more in 893. In 972, the County of Bourges was reduced to a Viscounty as the Viscomte de Bourges, and in 1101 was annexed by France. In 1360, the county was raised to a duchy as the Duchy of Berry. In 1221, the Seigneuries of Châteauroux and Issoudun were annexed into the duchy.^[1][2]

The first governor of the province appears to have been appointed on 14 March 1698, when Adrien Maurice de Noailles, Duke of Noailles became military governor when he was only 19 years old.^[2]

In 1778, Louis XVI convened the provincial assemblies of Berry, and considered expanding the assembly to other provinces, but abandoned this idea after experiencing the opposition of the privileged classes in Berry.^[3]

In 1790, when the former provinces were dissolved, the Duchy of Berry was split between two departments: Cher in Upper (eastern) Berry and Indre in Lower (western) Berry. Some communes also became part of the Allier, Creuse, Loiret, and Loir-et-Cher departments as well.^[1]

The governors of French provinces during the Ancien Régime were typically military commanders and provided military oversight in the region. This included recruitment, movement of troops, and – if needed – dealing with civil disobedience. Below is a list of the governors of Berry during its time as a province.^[2]

In October 1360, the title 'Duke of Berry' was created by King John II of France for his third-born son, John of Poitiers. The duke was followed by several members of the senior royal family, establishing a tradition of the duke being a member of the House of Valois. In 1505 however, the last Duchess of Berry Joan of France died of natural causes and the title was merged into the royal domain. In 1527, the title was re-created for Marguerite de Navarre until the title was once again dissolved in 1601 following the death of Duchess Louise of Lorraine.

In 1686, King Louis XIV re-created the title for his third grandson Charles de Bourbon, however the title was dissolved following the death of the Duke in 1714. In 1754, Louis XV re-created the title for his grandson Louis-Auguste de Bourbon (later King Louis XVI), who dropped the title in 1765 when he became Dauphin. In 1778, Louis XVI once again re-created the title for his nephew Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry. In 1820, the title was finally dissolved once more when the last duke was assassinated.

While Berry was a province, the Duke of Berry was de jure leader of the area. The dukes included:

Coat of Arms	Portrait	Name	Other Titles	Tenure
		Charles de Bourbon	Duke of Angoulême (1710–death) Duke of Alençon (1710–death) Count of Ponthieu (1710–death)	31 July 1686–5 May 1714
		Louis-Auguste de Bourbon		23 أغسطس 1765 - 20 ديسمبر 1765
		شارل فرديناند دارتوا		24 يناير 1778 - 14 فبراير 1820

اسم بيري ، مثل اسم عاصمتها بورج، يعود أصله إلى قبيلة بيتوريجيس الغالية ، [ ^{4 ] التي} استوطنت المنطقة قبل أن تغزو جيوش يوليوس قيصر الرومانية بلاد الغال. وقد أطلق اسم القبيلة على المنطقة، التي غالباً ما تُذكر في المصادر اللاتينية في العصور الوسطى باسم: بيتوريا .

تقع منطقة لا برين غرب شاتورو وشرق تورنون سان مارتان في مقاطعة إندر ، وهي منطقة كانت في الماضي تمتد على مقاطعتي بيري وتورين السابقتين ، وهي الآن منطقة طبيعية محمية ( Parc naturel régional de la Brenne ) وتسمى أيضًا Pays des mille étangs ، نظرًا لوجود العديد من البرك التي أنشأها رهبان الأديرة المحلية منذ القرن الثامن لتربية الأسماك .

• لهجة بيريشون
• سان بينوا دو سول

• ليجيرد ، إيمانويل (2024). تاريخ دو بيري . باريس: جيسيروت. رقم ISBN 9782755811193.

• تمت أرشفة الصور في 4 مايو 2009 على موقع Wayback Machine.
• إقامة
• علم التوت (FOTW)
• مقالة في موسوعة كولومبيا عن بيري