President for life

📅 آخر تحديث: ٢٩ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
✍️ نُشر في: ٢٩ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
الموسوعة الحرة

President for life is a title assumed by or granted to some presidents to extend their tenure up until their death or retirement. The title sometimes confers on the holder the right to nominate or appoint a successor. The term is often used by political leaders that aspire to legitimize their absolute power.[1]

Overview

The term "president for life" usually refers to autocrats.[2][3]

Many leaders who proclaimed themselves president for life have not in fact successfully gone on to serve a life term. Most were deposed before they died, and others achieved a lifetime presidency by being assassinated while in office. However, some have managed to rule until their natural deaths, including José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia of Paraguay, Alexandre Pétion and François Duvalier of Haiti, Rafael Carrera of Guatemala, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, and Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan. Others made unsuccessful attempts to have themselves named president for life, such as Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire in 1972.[4]

Some long-serving autocratic presidents are mistakenly described as presidents for life. They were never officially granted life terms and stood periodically for re-election. However, in most cases, these were sham elections which guaranteed them re-election.[5][6][7]

See also

References

  1. ↑Baturo, Alexander; Elgie, Robert (20 June 2019). The Politics of Presidential Term Limits. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-257435-0.
  2. ↑Phillips, Tom (26 February 2018). "'Dictator for life': Xi Jinping's power grab condemned as step towards tyranny". The Guardian.
  3. ↑"Xi Jinping Reveals Himself as an Autocrat". The Atlantic. 26 February 2018.
  4. ↑Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 211
  5. ↑Snyder, Timothy (3 April 2018). The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. Crown. p. 43. ISBN 9780525574460.
  6. ↑ تشيفرز، سي جيه (8 فبراير 2008). "مجموعة أوروبية تلغي مهمة لمراقبة الانتخابات الروسية، مشيرة إلى القيود" . صحيفة نيويورك تايمز . مؤرشف من الأصل في 31 يناير 2019. تم الاطلاع عليه في 31 يناير 2019 .
  7. ↑ كارا-مورزا، فلاديمير فلاديميروفيتش . "مع تشديد الكرملين قبضته، فإنه يدعو إلى ثورة شعبية" . تسليط الضوء على روسيا . مجلة الشؤون العالمية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 24 يوليو 2017. تم الاطلاع عليه في 24 يوليو 2017 .

للمزيد من القراءة

  • منغوميزولو، بهيكيثيمبا ريتشارد (2013). الرئيس لجائحة الحياة: كينيا وزيمبابوي ونيجيريا وزامبيا وملاوي . أدونيس آند آبي للنشر المحدودة ISBN 9781909112315.