برج فينيكس، تشيستر

يقع برج فينيكس في الركن الشمالي الشرقي من أسوار مدينة تشيستر بإنجلترا . وقد أُدرج البرج في قائمة التراث الوطني لإنجلترا كمبنى مصنف من الدرجة الأولى  . [ 1 ] كما عُرف أيضاً باسم برج نيوتن وبرج الملك تشارلز . [ 2 ]

تاريخ

صورة فوتوغرافية عندما كان يُطلق عليه اسم برج الملك تشارلز، 1892

يُرجّح أن يكون بناء البرج قد شُيّد في  القرن الثالث عشر. [ 1 ] خلال النصف الثاني من  القرن السادس عشر، أُجّر البرج لنقابتين من نقابات المدينة ، وهما نقابة الرسامين وبائعي القرطاسية، ونقابة الحلاقين وبائعي الشموع، واللتان قامتا بتأجيره بدورهما لنقابات أخرى. وبحلول عام 1612، كان هيكل البرج في حالة سيئة، وسقط الرصاص من سقفه. قامت النقابتان بترميم البرج، ووضعتا فوق الباب لوحة تحمل تاريخ 1613 ونقشًا لطائر الفينيق ، شعار نقابة الرسامين. خلال الحرب الأهلية ، وأثناء حصار تشيستر عام 1645، كان البرج مزودًا بمدفع في كل طابق، وقد تضرر خلال المعركة. [ 2 ] تشير لوحة على البرج إلى أن الملك تشارلز الأول وقف عليه في 24  سبتمبر 1645 وهو يشاهد جنوده يُهزمون في معركة روتون هيث . [ 1 ] أعرب المؤرخ سيمون وارد عن شكوكه حيال هذا الأمر، واقترح أن الملك ربما وقف بدلاً من ذلك على برج من أبراج كاتدرائية تشيستر ، وهو ما يعتبره مؤكداً بالأدلة التي تشير إلى أن قائداً كان يقف بجانبه قد قُتل برصاصة طائشة. [ 3 ]

استعادت النقابات ملكية البرج عام ١٦٥٨، وقامت بترميمه. ثم تخلت عنه بحلول عام ١٧٧٣ تقريبًا، وبعدها تولت المدينة أعمال الترميم. إلا أنه بحلول عام ١٨٣٨، وُصف البرج بأنه في حالة يرثى لها. في ذلك الوقت، كانت المدينة تروج له كمعلم سياحي نظرًا لارتباطه المزعوم بالملك تشارلز. في أواخر خمسينيات القرن التاسع عشر، استُخدمت الغرفة السفلية من قِبل بائع مطبوعات، وفي وقت لاحق من القرن نفسه، حُوِّل البرج إلى متحف خاص. [ ٢ ]

بنيان

برج فينيكس على أسوار مدينة تشيستر، حيث يُقال إن تشارلز شاهد جيشه يخسر.

شُيّد البرج من الحجر الرملي الأحمر المُرصّف ، وله سقف هرمي من الأردواز . [ 1 ] يبلغ ارتفاعه حوالي 21 مترًا (70 قدمًا) وهو نصف دائري الشكل. [ 4 ] يتألف البرج من أربعة طوابق، الطابقان السفليان أسفل الممر على الجدار. [ 1 ] يحتوي كل طابق من الطوابق العلوية على غرفة. [ 4 ] عند مستوى الممر، في الطابق الثالث، يوجد مدخل ذو رأس مستدير. فوق المدخل لوحة مؤرخة عام 1613 تحمل صورة منحوتة لطائر الفينيق. يؤدي درج خارجي إلى الطابق العلوي. [ 1 ] من الداخل، الغرفة السفلية مثمنة الشكل، بقطر حوالي 9 أمتار (30 قدمًا) ، وتحتوي على خمس نوافذ ضيقة . [ 4 ] من الخارج، بين الطابقين العلويين، يوجد إفريز أفقي . في الطابق العلوي يوجد مدخل وأربع نوافذ ثلاثية الأجزاء ذات زجاج معشق . يحتوي الجزء العلوي من البرج على سور مسنن ، وأسقف هرمية من الرصاص، وريشة رياح مزخرفة . [ 1 ]  

رسم خريطة
حول خرائط الشوارع المفتوحة
الخرائط: شروط الاستخدام
170 مترًا 185 ياردة
كاتدرائية
كاتدرائية تشيستر
كاتدرائية تشيستر
قلعة
قلعة تشيستر
قلعة تشيستر
المسرح الروماني (الأمفي)
مدرج تشيستر
مدرج تشيستر
33
32
32 ووترغيت
32 ووترغيت
31
30
29
28
28
28 بريدج جيت
28 بريدج جيت
27
27
26
25
25 خطوة للمسجل
25 خطوة للمسجل
24
23
برج بارنابي 23
برج بارنابي 23
22
21
21
21 نيوجيت
21 نيوجيت
20
20
19
19
18
18 برج ثيمبلبي
18 برج ثيمبلبي
17
16
16 إيستجيت
16 إيستجيت
15
14
14 بوابة كاليارد
14 بوابة كاليارد
13
12
برج فينيكس 12
برج فينيكس 12
11
10
10 نورثجيت
10 نورثجيت
9
8
8
8 جبل مورغان
8 جبل مورغان
7
7
6
5
4
4 صالون بيمبرتون
4 صالون بيمبرتون
3
2
2- جدار فرعي وبرج مياه
2- جدار فرعي وبرج مياه
1
1 برج بونوالدسثورن
1 برج بونوالدسثورن
أسوار تشيستر في العصور الوسطى والرومانية
أسوار المدينة في العصور الوسطى
الحصن الروماني
الطرق الرومانية
الأبراج والبوابات
جزء من الجدار
   
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[[Bonewaldesthorne's Tower]]
[[File:Bonewaldesthorne's Tower.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19267;-2.89892_dim:2000 53.19267,-2.89892])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89892,53.19267] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"2
Spur Wall and [[Water Tower, Chester|Water Tower]]
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Wall between Bonewaldesthorne's Tower and Pemberton's Parlour
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[[Pemberton's Parlour]]
[[File:Goblin Tower on the City Walls - geograph.org.uk - 562240.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.193;-2.89723_dim:2000 53.193,-2.89723])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89723,53.193] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"5
Wall between Pemberton's Parlour and St Martin's Gate
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St Martin's Gate
[[File:St Martin's Gate, Chester (geograph 4381912).jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19319;-2.89633_dim:2000 53.19319,-2.89633])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89633,53.19319] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"7
Wall between St Martin's Gate and Morgan's Mount
[[File:Water Tower Street and a bench mark (geograph 4699846).jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19319;-2.89603_dim:2000 53.19319,-2.89603])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89603,53.19319] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"8
[[Morgan's Mount]]
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Wall between Morgan's Mount and Northgate
[[File:Chester City Walls (geograph 4382189).jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19351;-2.89474_dim:2000 53.19351,-2.89474])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89474,53.19351] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"10
[[Northgate, Chester|Northgate]]
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Wall between Northgate and Phoenix Tower
[[File:Chester city wall and Shropshire Union Canal - geograph.org.uk - 1128122.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.1941;-2.89153_dim:2000 53.1941,-2.89153])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89153,53.1941] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"12
[[Phoenix Tower, Chester|Phoenix Tower]]
[[File:King Charles Tower, City Walls, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 9695.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19416;-2.89041_dim:2000 53.19416,-2.89041])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89041,53.19416] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"13
Wall between Phoenix Tower and Kaleyard Gate
[[File:Chester City Wall (geograph 3656923).jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.19363;-2.89014_dim:2000 53.19363,-2.89014])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89014,53.19363] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"14
[[Kaleyard Gate, Chester|Kaleyard Gate]]
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Wall between Kaleyard Gate and Eastgate
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[[Eastgate, Chester|Eastgate]]
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Wall between Eastgate and Thimbleby's Tower
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[[Thimbleby's Tower]]
[[File:Thimbleby's Tower.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.1894;-2.88816_dim:2000 53.1894,-2.88816])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88816,53.1894] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"19
Wall between Thimbleby's Tower and Old Newgate
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Old Newgate
[[File:Old Newgate, Chester.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18918;-2.88831_dim:2000 53.18918,-2.88831])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88831,53.18918] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"21
[[Newgate, Chester|Newgate]]
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Wall between Newgate and Barnaby's Tower
[[File:Chester's City Walls - Bridgegate to Eastgate ^10 - geograph.org.uk - 375008.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.1886;-2.88797_dim:2000 53.1886,-2.88797])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88797,53.1886] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"23
[[Barnaby's Tower]]
[[File:BarnabysTower.JPG|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18763;-2.8875_dim:2000 53.18763,-2.8875])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.8875,53.18763] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"24
Wall between Barnaby's Tower and the Drum Tower
[[File:The walls, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 215859.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18712;-2.88781_dim:2000 53.18712,-2.88781])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88781,53.18712] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"25
[[Recorder's Steps]]
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Drum Tower
[[File:Drum Tower (cropped).jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18637;-2.88869_dim:2000 53.18637,-2.88869])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88869,53.18637] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"27
Wall between the Drum Tower and Bridgegate
[[File:River Dee and City Wall, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 3227693.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18629;-2.88896_dim:2000 53.18629,-2.88896])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.88896,53.18629] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"28
[[Bridgegate, Chester|Bridgegate]]
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Wall between Bridgegate and the former County Hall
[[File:Chester's City Walls - Grosvenor Road to Bridgegate ^13 - geograph.org.uk - 370045.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18606;-2.8897_dim:2000 53.18606,-2.8897])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.8897,53.18606] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"30
Wall between former County Hall and Grosvenor Road
[[File:Chester's City Walls - Grosvenor Road to Bridgegate ^5 - geograph.org.uk - 368978.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18496;-2.89345_dim:2000 53.18496,-2.89345])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89345,53.18496] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"31
Wall between Grosvenor Road and Watergate
[[File:Chester racecourse - geograph.org.uk - 641229.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18714;-2.89599_dim:2000 53.18714,-2.89599])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#1c559e\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89599,53.18714] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"32
[[Watergate, Chester|Watergate]]
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Wall between Watergate and Bonewaldesthorne's Tower
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\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.1892;-2.887_dim:2000 53.1892,-2.887])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#444433\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.887,53.1892] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"[[Chester Castle]]
[[File:Chester Castle - geograph.org.uk - 7346747.jpg|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.18529;-2.89261_dim:2000 53.18529,-2.89261])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#777755\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.89261,53.18529] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"[[Chester Cathedral]]
[[File:Chester Cathedral ext Hamilton 005.JPG|250px]]\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=53.1919;-2.8905_dim:2000 53.1919,-2.8905])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#777755\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-2.8905,53.1919] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"\", \"description\": \" ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=1;1_dim:2000 1,1])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F502948\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#444433\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [1,1] } } ] } ]"}}">
   
خريطة لوسط مدينة تشيستر، توضح خط أسوار المدينة والبوابات والأبراج وأجزاء الأسوار في المدينة التي تعود إلى العصور الوسطى وما بعدها. [ 5 ]
[إخفاء/إظهار قائمة البوابات والأبراج وأقسام الجدار]
1
برج بونوالدسثورن
2
جدار داعم وبرج مياه
3
الجدار الفاصل بين برج بونوالدسثورن وقاعة بيمبرتون
4
صالون بيمبرتون
5
الجدار الفاصل بين صالون بيمبرتون وبوابة سانت مارتن
6
بوابة سانت مارتن
7
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة سانت مارتن وجبل مورغان
8
جبل مورغان
9
الجدار الفاصل بين جبل مورغان وبوابة نورثجيت
10
نورثجيت
11
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة نورثجيت وبرج فينيكس
12
برج فينيكس
13
الجدار الفاصل بين برج فينيكس وبوابة كاليارد
14
بوابة كاليارد
15
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة كاليارد وبوابة إيستجيت
16
إيستجيت
17
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة الشرق وبرج ثيمبلبي
18
برج ثيمبلبي
19
الجدار الفاصل بين برج ثيمبلبي وبوابة نيوجيت القديمة
20
بوابة نيوجيت القديمة
21
نيوجيت
22
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة نيوجيت وبرج بارنابي
23
برج بارنابي
24
الجدار الفاصل بين برج بارنابي وبرج الطبل
25
خطوات المُسجِّل
26
برج الطبول
27
الجدار الفاصل بين برج الطبل وبوابة الجسر
28
بريدج جيت
29
الجدار الفاصل بين بريدج جيت ومبنى مجلس المقاطعة السابق
30
الجدار الفاصل بين مبنى مجلس المقاطعة السابق وطريق غروفينور
31
الجدار الفاصل بين طريق غروفينور ووترغيت
32
ووترغيت
33
الجدار الفاصل بين بوابة ووترجيت وبرج بونوالدسثورن

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مراجع

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 هيئة التراث الإنجليزي ، "برج فينيكس، تشيستر (1376157)" ، قائمة التراث الوطني لإنجلترا ، تم الاطلاع عليه في 15 يوليو 2012
  2. 1 2 3 ثاكر، أ. ت.؛ لويس، س. ب.، محرران (2005)، "المباني الرئيسية: أسوار المدينة وبواباتها" ، تاريخ مقاطعة تشيستر ، تاريخ مقاطعة فيكتوريا ، المجلد 5، العدد 2، جامعة لندن وصندوق تاريخ البرلمان، الصفحات 213-225 ، تم الاطلاع عليه في 12 أبريل 2011   
  3. وارد، سيمون (2009)، تشيستر: تاريخ ، تشيتشستر: فيليمور، ص 69، ISBN  978-1-86077-499-7
  4. 1 2 3 هارتويل، كلير؛ هايد، ماثيو؛ هوبارد، إدوارد ؛ بيفسنر، نيكولاس (2011) [1971]، تشيشاير ، مباني إنجلترا، نيو هيفن ولندن: مطبعة جامعة ييل ، ص 252، ISBN  978-0-300-17043-6
  5. "أسوار وأبراج وبوابات وأبواب مدينة تشيستر" . هيئة التراث الإنجليزي . تم الاطلاع عليه بتاريخ 19 نوفمبر 2025 .