غوجاراس لاتا

A grant^[4] made by Nirihullaka, the chieftain of a forest tribe in the lower valley of the Narmada, shows that towards the end of the sixth century CE that region was occupied by forest tribes who acknowledged the supremacy of the Kalachuri dynasty; a fact which accounts for the use of the Chedi or Traikúṭaka era in South Gujarāt. Nirihullaka names with respect a king Śaṅkaraṇa, identified with Śaṅkaragaṇa (r. c. 575-600 CE) of Kalachuri dynasty and the Gurjara conquest must be subsequent to this date. Another grant,^[5] which is only a fragment and contains no king's name, but which on the ground of date (Samvat 346 = 594–5 CE) and style may be safely attributed to the Gurjara dynasty, shows that the Gurjaras were established in the country within a few years of Śaṅkaragaṇa's probable date.^[2]

A still nearer approximation to the date of the Gurjara conquest is suggested by the change in the titles of Dharasena I of Maitraka dynasty, who in his grants of Saṃvat 252^[6] (571 CE) calls himself Mahārāja, while in his grants of 269 and 270^[7] (588 and 589 CE), he adds the title of Mahāsāmanta, which points to subjection by some foreign power between 571 and 588 CE. It seems highly probable that this power was that of the Gurjaras of Bhīnmāl; and that their successes therefore took place between 580 and 588 CE or about 585 CE.^[2]

The above-mentioned anonymous grant of the year 346 (CE 594–95) from Sankheda is ascribed with great probability to Dadda I. who is known from the two Kheḍā grants of his grandson Dadda II. (C. 620–650 CE)^[8] to have “uprooted the Nāga” who may be the same as the forest tribes ruled by Nirihullaka (possibly later represented by the Nāikdās of the Panchmahāls and the Talabdas or Locals of Bharuch).^[2]

The northern limit of Dadda's kingdom seems to have been the Vindhya, as the grant of 380 (CE 628–29) says that the lands lying around the feet of the Vindhya were for his pleasure. At the same time it appears that part at least of Northern Gujarāt was ruled by the Mahāsāmanta Dharasena of Maitraka dynasty, who in Val. 270 (589–90 CE) granted a village in the āhāra (province) of Kheṭaka (Kheḍā).^[9] Dadda is always spoken of as the Sāmanta, which shows that while he lived his territory remained a part of the Gurjara kingdom of Bhīnmāl. Subsequently, North Gujarāt fell into the hands of the Mālava kings, to whom it belonged in Hiuen Tsiang’s time (c. 640 CE). In Tsiang's accounts, Po-lu-ka-cha-po (Bharigukacchapa or Bhrigukaccha, i.e., Bharuch) is mentioned. Dadda I. is mentioned in the two Kheḍā grants of his grandson as a worshipper of the sun: the fragmentary grant of 346 (594–95 CE) which is attributed to him gives no historical details.^[10][2][11]

Dadda I was succeeded by his son Jayabhaṭa I who is mentioned in the Kheḍā grants as a victorious and virtuous ruler, and appears from his title of Vītarāga the Passionless to have been a religious prince.^[2]

Jayabhaṭa I. was succeeded by his son Dadda II who bore the title of Praśāntarāga, the Passion-calmed. Dadda was the donor of the two Kheḍā grants of 380 (628–29 CE) and 385 (633–34 CE), and a part of a grant made by his brother Raṇagraha in the year 391 (639–40 CE) has been recorded.^[12] Both of the Kheḍā grants relate to the gift of the village of Sirīshapadraka (Sisodra) in the Akrúreśvara (Ankleshwar) vishaya to certain Brāhmans of Jambusar and Bharuch. In Raṇagraha's grant the name of the village is lost.^[2]

تصف منح دادا الثاني نفسه بأنه قد نال الألقاب الخمسة العظيمة، وتثني عليه ثناءً عامًا؛ ويوقع هو وشقيقه رانغراها على منحهما باعتبارهما من عباد الشمس المخلصين. ويتصدر دادا الثاني سلسلة النسب في منحة لاحقة تعود إلى عام 456 (704-705 م)، ^{[ 13 ]} والتي تنص على أنه حمى "سيد فالابي [دروفاسينا الثاني] الذي هزمه السيد العظيم هارشاديفا الشهير". لا بد أن الحدث المشار إليه كان إحدى حملات هارشا ملك كانوج ( سلالة فاردانا ) (607-648 م)، وربما الحملة التي هُزم فيها هارشا على نهر نارمادا على يد بولاكشين الثاني من سلالة تشالوكيا (والتي وقعت قبل عام 634 م). ولعل الحماية التي مُنحت لملك فالابي مذكورة في منح خيدا في ذكر "الغرباء والمستغيثين والمحتاجين". إذا كان هذا صحيحًا، فإن هزيمة فالابي قد وقعت قبل عام 628-629 ميلاديًا، وهو تاريخ أقدم منح خيدا. من ناحية أخرى، فإن العبارة المقتبسة ليست حاسمة بأي حال من الأحوال، وحقيقة أن دروفاسينا الثاني من فالابي كان صهر ابن هارشا في عهد هيوين تسيانغ، تجعل من غير المرجح أن يكون هارشا قد خاض حربًا معه. ويترتب على ذلك أن الحملة المشار إليها ربما تكون قد جرت في عهد داراسينا الرابع، الذي ربما كان ابن دروفاسينا من زوجة أخرى غير حفيدة هارشا. ^{[ 2 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 11 ] [ 16 ]}

يعود وصف هيوين تسيانغ لمملكة بهاروش (حوالي 640 م) إلى عهد دادا الثاني. يقول: "كل أرباحهم من البحر"، ويصف البلاد بأنها مالحة وقاحلة، وهو وصف لا يزال ينطبق على مساحات شاسعة في الغرب، وربما كان حالها قبل ألف ومائتي عام على مساحة أكبر بكثير مما هي عليه الآن. لم يذكر هيوين تسيانغ أن بهاروش كانت خاضعة لأي مملكة أخرى، لكن من الواضح من حقيقة أن دادا كان يحمل الألقاب الخمسة الكبرى أنه كان مجرد تابع. في تلك الفترة، كان ميناء بهاروش القيّم، الذي كان مصدر كل أرباحهم، هدفًا تتنازع عليه جميع القوى المجاورة. خضعت بهاروش، مع منطقة لاتا المحيطة بها، لبولاكيشين الثاني. (610–640 م)، ^{[ 17 ]} وربما آلت لاحقًا إلى ملوك مالاوا، الذين كانت كل من خيدا (كي تشا) وأناندابورا ( فادناغار ) تابعة لهم في عهد هيوين تسيانغ (640 م)؛ ثم أصبحت خاضعة لفالابي، حيث منح داراسينا الرابع منحة في بهاروش عام 330 من التقويم الفيكرامي (649–650 م). ^{[ 18 ] [ 2 ]}

The knowledge of the later Gurjaras is derived exclusively from two grants of Jayabhaṭa III dated respectively 456 (704–5 CE) and 486 (734–5 CE).^[19] The later of these two grants is imperfect, only the last plate having been preserved. The earlier grant of 456 (704–5 CE) shows that during the half century following the reign of Dadda II the dynasty had ceased to call themselves Gurjaras, and had adopted a Purāṇic pedigree traced from Karna of Mahabharata. It also shows that from Dadda III onward the family were Śaivas instead of sun-worshipers.^[2]

The successor of Dadda II was his son Jayabhaṭa II who is described as a warlike prince, but of whom no historical details are recorded.^[2]

Jayabhaṭa's son, Dadda III Bāhusahāya is described as waging wars with the great kings of the east and of the west (probably Mālava and Valabhi). He had received title of Bāhusahāya to for showing valour of his arms in fights with suzerain of east and west. He was Śaiva. Like his predecessors, Dadda III was not an independent ruler. He could claim only the five great titles, though no hint is given who was his suzerain. His immediate superior may have been Jayasimhavarma, who received the province of Lāṭa from his brother Vikramaditya I of Chalukya dynasty.^[20][2][21] During his rule Jayasimhavarma had defeated Vajjada between Mahi and Narmada rivers. Vajjada may be another name of Dadda III or another king of that name had invaded his state and was defeated by Jayasimhavarma.^[11][16]

The son and successor of Dadda III was Jayabhaṭa III whose two grants of 456 (704–5 CE) and 486 (734–5 CE)^[22] must belong respectively to the beginning and the end of his reign. He attained the five great titles, and was therefore a feudatory, probably of the Chālukyas: but his title of Mahāsāmantādhipati implies that he was a chief of importance. He is praised in vague terms, but the only historical event mentioned in his grants is a defeat of a Maitraka ruler of Valabhi, noted in the grant of 486 (734–5 CE). The Maitraka king referred to must be Śīlāditya IV (691 CE).^[2]

Jayabhata III was succeeded by Ahirole. He ruled till c. 720 CE.^[11]

يذكر نقش جايابهاتا الرابع، ابن أهيرول، أنه هزم العرب الذين كانوا يقاتلون من أجل الخلافة الأموية في فالابي ، عاصمة حكامه المحتملين، المايتراكا، في عام 735-736 ميلادي. واتخذ لقب ماهاسامانراديباتي . ويُرجح أنه كان تابعًا لحاكم المايتراكا، شيلاديتيا الرابع أو الخامس، نظرًا لمساعدته حكام المايتراكا في المعركة. وقد أشار ماجومدار إلى أنه ربما ساعد بصفته تابعًا لسلالة تشالوكيا. ^{[ 16 ] [ 23 ] [ 11 ]} ويُحتمل أن العرب دمروا بهاروش في نهاية المطاف، واستولوا على إمارة غوجارا. وقد مُني العرب بهزيمة نكراء وصدّهم حاكم تشالوكيا، أفانيجاناشرايا بولاكيشين، في عام 738-739 ميلادي في نافساري . ربما ضم مملكة غوجارا إلى أراضي تشالوكيا بعد طرد العرب. ^{[ 24 ]} أو ربما تم دمج الدولة تحت حكم دانتيدورغا من سلالة راشتراكوت . ^{[ 2 ] [ 16 ]}