معارضة جلالة الملك الأكثر ولاءً
المعارضة الأكثر ولاءً لجلالة الملك (وتُسمى المعارضة الأكثر ولاءً لجلالة الملكة عندما تكون الملكة هي الحاكمة)، والتي تُختصر غالبًا إلى المعارضة الأكثر ولاءً لجلالة الملك ، وتُعرف عمومًا بالمعارضة الرسمية ، وتُسمى بالعامية "المعارضة" ، هي المعارضة السياسية الرسمية الرئيسية في المملكة المتحدة لحكومة جلالة الملك . وعادةً ما تكون هذه أكبر حزب سياسي في مجلس العموم لا يُشارك في الحكومة أو في ائتلاف حاكم.
منذ يوليو 2024 ، أصبح حزب المحافظين هو المعارضة الرسمية، حيث شغل رئيس الوزراء المنتهية ولايته ريشي سوناك منصب زعيم المعارضة حتى انتخابات قيادة حزب المحافظين في نوفمبر 2024 عندما تولت زعيمة الحزب المنتخبة حديثًا كيمي بادينوش المنصب.
الأصول
صِيغَ مصطلح " معارضة جلالة الملك" عام 1826، قبل ظهور نظام الحزبين الحديث ، حين كان البرلمان يتألف من مصالح وعلاقات وفصائل أكثر من كونه حزبين سياسيين متماسكين كما هو الحال اليوم (مع أن حزبي الويغ والتوري كانا الحزبين الرئيسيين). وقد صِيغَ المصطلح في الأصل على سبيل المزاح؛ ففي معرض هجومه على وزير الخارجية جورج كانينغ في مجلس العموم ، قال جون هوبهاوس مازحًا : " يُقال إنه من الصعب على وزراء جلالة الملك إثارة اعتراضات من هذا القبيل ، لكن من الأصعب على معارضة جلالة الملك إجبارهم على اتخاذ هذا المسار . "
أيام المعارضة
تتألف الدورة النموذجية لمجلس العموم عادةً من حوالي 150 يومًا برلمانيًا سنويًا. وفي حين تُخصص معظم هذه الأيام لأعمال الحكومة، يُخصص عشرون يومًا (حوالي 13%) من كل دورة لمناقشات المعارضة. من هذه الأيام، يكون سبعة عشر يومًا تحت تصرف زعيم المعارضة ، وثلاثة أيام (2%) يمكن استخدامها من قبل زعيم حزب المعارضة الأصغر، أو حزب المعارضة الثالث. وقد ظل هذا الحزب، الديمقراطيون الليبراليون، هو الحزب المعارض منذ الانتخابات العامة لعام 2024. [ 4 ]
Although the Opposition has no more formal powers in setting the Parliamentary agenda, in reality they have a certain influence through a process known as the usual channels.[4]
Leader of the Opposition
The leader of His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition is often seen as the prime minister-in-waiting. The leader of the opposition receives a statutory salary and perquisites like those of a cabinet minister, including appointment as a privy counsellor. Since 1915, the leader of the opposition has, like the prime minister, always been a member of the House of Commons. Before that a member of the House of Lords sometimes took on the role, although often there was no overall leader of the opposition.
Although there has never been a dispute as to who holds the position, under the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975, the speaker's decision on the identity of the leader of the opposition is final.[4]
As of 2 November 2024, the current leader of the opposition is Kemi Badenoch who is also leader of the Conservative Party. She replaced Rishi Sunak after winning the 2024 Conservative Party leadership election.
Ministers' Questions
Prime Minister's Questions
The most public parliamentary function of the leader of the opposition is Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs), currently a 30-minute session held on Wednesday at noon when Parliament is sitting. The leader of the opposition has six questions, which they sometimes split into two sets. Backbench opposition MPs and frontbench opposition MPs that are not in the Shadow Cabinet also have the right to question the Prime Minister; they are selected either through a ballot, or by "catching the Speaker's eye".[5] By convention, other Shadow Cabinet members do not question the prime minister at PMQs, except when standing in for the Leader.
Questions to other ministers
Every government department is subjected to questions in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. As with PMQs, the official opposition spokespersons are allocated a number of questions, and in addition backbench MPs are free to ask questions. In the House of Lords, opposition spokespersons also question the government. This is one of the reasons why every government department has at least one Member of Parliament and one peer in it.
Seating
As is usual with Westminster systems, and other statutory assemblies and councils in the UK, the government and its supporters sit to the Speaker's right, whilst the opposition parties sit to their left.[6] Currently, members from the Labour Party, and SDLP sit to the Speaker's right, and members from the Conservative Party sit on the main left bench, which is where the main opposition party sits. The second main opposition bench is where the third largest party sits, in this case the Liberal Democrats. The back of this bench is where other minor parties sit, such as the Scottish National Party, Reform UK, the Green Party, the DUP, Plaid Cymru, the Alliance Party, the TUV, the UUP, and the Independents.
See also
Notes
- ↑Kleinig 2014.
- ↑Foord, Archibald S (1964). His Majesty's Opposition, 1714-1830. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-821311-6.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑John Hobhouse (10 April 1826). "Salary To The President Of The Board Of Trade". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 15. House of Commons. col. 135.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - 123Standard Note:SN/PC/3910 UK Parliament, 8 February 2006, accessed 5 May 2010
- ↑"Catching the Speaker's eye". www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ↑BBC News 2008.
References
- "Opposition", BBC News, 15 October 2008, retrieved 18 April 2017
- Kleinig, John (2014), On Loyalty and Loyalties: The Contours of a Problematic Virtue, Oxford University Press, pp. 113–114, ISBN 978-0-19-937126-6
- Official Opposition (United Kingdom)
- 1820s neologisms
- George Canning
