Old Hindi

📅 آخر تحديث: ١ أغسطس ٢٠٢٦
✍️ نُشر في: ١ أغسطس ٢٠٢٦
الموسوعة الحرة

Old Hindi,[a] also known as Khariboli, was the earliest stage of the Hindustani language, and therefore the ancestor of Hindi and Urdu.[2] Also known as Dehlavi, it was spoken by the people of the region around Delhi, in roughly the 12th–14th centuries during the Delhi Sultanate. It developed from Shauraseni Prakrit.

During the Muslim rule in India, the language began acquiring loanwords from Persian language, which led to the development of Hindustani.[3][4] It is attested in only a handful of works of literature, including some works by the Indo-Persian Muslim poet Amir Khusrau, verses by the Vaishnava Hindu poet Namdev, and some verses by the Sufi Muslim Baba Farid in the Adi Granth.[5][6] The works of Bhakti Hindu poet Kabir also may be included, as he used a Khariboli-like dialect. Hindi languages were originally written in different variants of Nagari, and later in the Arabic script in Nastaliq calligraphy.[7]

Some scholars include Apabhraṃśa poetry as early as 769 AD (Dohakosh by Siddha Sarahapad)[8][9] within Old Hindi,[10] but this is not generally accepted.[11]

With loanwords from Persian added to Old Hindi's Prakritic base, the language evolved into Hindustani, which further developed into the present-day standardisedvarieties of Hindi and Urdu.[10]

Etymology

The term Old Hindi is a retrospectively coined term to indicate the ancestor language of Modern Standard Hindi, which is today an official language of the government of India. The term Hindi literally means Indian in Classical Persian, and was also called Hindustani to denote that it was the language of Hindustan's capital during the Delhi Sultanate.

References

Notes

  1. ↑In Hindi-Urdu, this is known as Purānī Hindī (Devanagari: पुरानी हिन्दी, Nastaliq: پرانی ہندی) or Qadīm Hindī (Devanagari: क़दीम हिन्दी, Nastaliq: قدیم ہندی).

Citations

  1. ↑Alok Rai (2001), Hindi nationalism, Orient Blackswan, 2001, ISBN 978-81-250-1979-4
  2. ↑Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.
  3. ↑First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Brill Academic Publishers. 1993. p. 1024. ISBN 9789004097964.
  4. ↑Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. ISBN 978-0-907962-30-4.
  5. ↑Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780521299442.
  6. ↑Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), The Hindi Songs of Namdev, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-906831-107-5
  7. ↑Hindi: Language, Discourse, and Writing. Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University. 2002. p. 171.
  8. ↑"Hindi Language and Literature". Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  9. ↑Islamia, Jamia Millia (2017). "Employment News". 769:Siddha Sarahpad composes Dohakosh, considered the first Hindi poet
  10. 12Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. p. 11-12.
  11. ↑Shapiro, Michael C. (2007), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 279–280, ISBN 978-0-700-71130-7

Further reading

  • Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. Brill. ISBN 9789004254893.