آرني سوند

وُلد آرني سونده في السادس من ديسمبر عام ١٨٨٣ في العاصمة النرويجية كريستيانيا . كان والداه إلياس سونده ، المدير العام لسكك الحديد النرويجية وعضو البرلمان ووزير المالية، وزوجته بينيديكت لويز تيرسلاند. في السادس والعشرين من يوليو عام ١٩١٦، تزوج آرني سونده من سيغريد نيكولين أوبير لي (المعروفة باسم "ديدي" أو "تيتي"). ^{[ ٢ ] [ ٣ ]} كانت زوجته ابنة الكاتب بيرنت لي ، وبالتالي كان آرني سونده صهرًا لإميل لي . كما كانت زوجة سونده ابنة عم ثانية لجوناس لي ، رئيس الشرطة النازية الذي انضم إلى الحكومة المزعومة بعد فرار سونده وكثيرين غيره من النرويج خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. ^{[ ٥ ]} من جهة أخرى، كانت عمة زوجة سونده والدة تيكن مانوس، أحد أعضاء المقاومة . ^{[ 6 ]} أنجب الزوجان ثلاثة أبناء بحلول عام 1930. ^{[ 7 ]} توفي سوندي في أوسلو في 30 يوليو 1972، عن عمر يناهز 88 عامًا. ^{[ 2 ]}

كان سوندي رامياً رياضياً شغوفاً في جمعية كريستيانيا سكايترلاغ للرماية ، ومقرها أوسلو . ^{[ 8 ]} شارك في الفريق النرويجي في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 1912 في ستوكهولم، السويد. تنافس سوندي في الفعاليات التالية عام 1912: ^{[ 9 ] [ 10 ]}

Sunde was educated in law and military studies,^[11] first graduating from Kristiania Cathedral School in 1902.^[1] Having been working as an officer since graduating from the Norwegian Military Academy in 1905,^[1][2] first at the Bergenske Brigade and then at the 2nd Akerhuske Brigade,^[7] Sunde graduated from the Norwegian Military College in 1907. From 1907 to 1909, Sunde taught at the NCO school in Bergen, holding the rank of premierløytnant.^[1][2] He then served with the 5th Østoplandenes Infantry Regiment until 1918.^[7] In 1911, he took the cand.jur. degree after attending law school.^[1][12] From 1911 to 1912, he worked as a barrister and judge.^[1][13] In 1913, Sunde studied political science at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris. He then served as a district stipendiary magistrate (Norwegian: sorenskriver) for Eiker, Modum and Sigdal District Court in Buskerud from 1913 to 1914. In 1916, Sunde was appointed adjunct military attaché to the Norwegian legation in Paris, and in 1919 he was an assistant in financial questions for the Norwegian legation during the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Versailles. From 1918, he served as an infantry captain in the Norwegian Army2nd Division. Between 1917 and 1920, Sunde worked for Det Norske A/S for Elektrokemisk Industri, as a legal advisor and sousdirektør. In the same time period he was the secretary of the Norwegian State Financial Council (Norwegian: Statens finansråd), and from 1922 he served as a barrister at the Supreme Court. From 1920 to 1921, he was secretary during the Norwegian treaty negotiations with the so-called "wine countries" (France, Spain and Portugal) with regards to the Norwegian prohibition. In 1924, he was a board member of the bank Den Norske Handelsbank and a member of the administrative board of the Bank of Norway.^[1] From 1918 to 1930, he commanded Company 7 of the 5th Østoplandenes Infantry Regiment, before being made supernumerary.^[7]

One of Arne Sunde's earliest encounters with national politics came in 1926. At the appointment of Lykke's Cabinet under Conservative Party politician Ivar Lykke, many Norwegians instead wanted a national unity government led by explorer, scientist, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Fridtjof Nansen.^[14] Arne Sunde was among a number of prominent Norwegians to sign a declaration calling on Norway's conservative parties to approach King Haakon VII and ask him to request that Nansen form a government of national unity to replace Lykke's Cabinet.^[15] In 1929 Sunde became deputy mayor of Aker, where he now lived. He advanced to mayor of the same municipality in 1930, and serving until 1931 with the exception of his Minister of Justice period.^[1]

Sunde was appointed Minister of Justice in the Liberal Party of Norway's Mowinckel's Second Cabinet in November 1930. He lost this position in May 1931,^[16] when the Agrarian Kolstad's Cabinet took over.^[13] From 1932 to 1933, Sunde presided for Norway in the Eastern Greenland Case at the Permanent Court of International Justice.^[11] In March 1933, the Agrarian cabinet fell, and Sunde returned to government as Minister of Justice in the Mowinckel's Third Cabinet.^[16] The cabinet lasted until March 1935, when it was replaced by the Nygaardsvold's Cabinet.^[17]

He was a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights.^[18]

بعد مسيرته السياسية الأولى، شغل سوندي منصب قاضي المحكمة العليا في النرويج لمدة عام واحد قبل أن يتجه إلى العمل المصرفي، حيث شغل منصب رئيس مكتب أوسلو لبنك بيرجنز بريفاتبانك ^{[ 12 ]} حتى الغزو الألماني في عام 1940. ^{[ 3 ] [ 19 ]}

شارك آرني سوندي، وهو رائد في الاحتياط ، في القتال الذي أعقب الغزو الألماني للنرويج . ^{[ 11 ]} في 9 أبريل، اتصل سوندي بوزارة الدفاع النرويجية ، مستفسرًا عن مكان التحاقه بالخدمة. أُبلغ سوندي أن التعبئة النرويجية لن تبدأ حتى 11 أبريل، أي بعد يومين كاملين من بدء الهجوم الألماني. رغبةً منه في المشاركة في الدفاع عن النرويج، انطلق سوندي متزلجًا عبر نورد ماركا شمال أوسلو في 12 أبريل، باحثًا عن قوات للانضمام إليها. ^{[ 2 ]}

After Nygaardsvold's Cabinet requisitioned the Norwegian merchant navy Sunde was ordered to London together with Øivind Lorentzen og Benjamin Vogt to build a Norwegian shipping mission in exile; Nortraship.^[11][12] Sunde left Norway from the western port of Åndalsnes on the British cruiser HMS Galatea in the late hours of 23 April 1940, bringing 200 large crates of gold bars belonging to the Norwegian National Treasury to the United Kingdom.^[22] The transport of the gold from the Bank of Norway central bank headquarters in Oslo had been guarded by troops led by his brother, Bjørn Sunde, who was also a major in the Norwegian Army.^[4] After arriving in London on 25 April Sunde, being a banker, was given the responsibility for the exiled Norwegians' finances. Shortly after arriving in the UK Sunde managed to secure a £100,000 credit from Hambros Bank.^[2] On 7 June 1940, Sunde was appointed consultative Councillor of State without portfolio,^[12][23] as one of two new councillors not from the Labour Party, the other being the Agrarian Party'sAnders Fjeldstad.^[23] The appointment of the two new councillors of state was mentioned in a speech by King Haakon VII in a radio address to the occupied Norwegian people on 26 August 1940.^[19] At the same he time continued as a member of the consultative council of the shipping director. From 19 November 1940 to 1 November 1942, he headed the Norwegian Ministry of Provisioning. When that ministry was restructured on 1 November 1942 Arne Sunde continued as Minister of Shipping^[11][12] until he left the cabinet on 25 June 1945, after the end of the Second World War and the return to Norway of the exiled Norwegian authorities.^[11]

Having left the government in 1945, Sunde's first task after the Second World War was to in 1946 head the last board of Nortraship, tasked with dissolving the company.^[2][11]

From 1945 to 1948, Sunde again headed the Oslo office of Bergens Privatbank.^[2]

From 1949 to 1952, Arne Sunde was the Norwegian ambassador to the United Nations.^[11] The perhaps pivotal moment of his career at the United Nations came on 7 July 1950 when he, as President of the Security Council,^[26] led the meeting that adopted the United Nations Security Council Resolution 84, recommending United Nations member states to assist the Republic of Korea in resisting the invasion initiated some two weeks earlier by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.^[27] The resolution paved the way for a United States-led UN force in the Korean War.^[28] During the negotiations leading up to the resolution Sunde clashed with US ambassador Warren R. Austin, Austin offending Sunde to such a degree that one observer believed that personal relations between the US and Norwegian delegations had been "irreconcilably damaged".^[29] At the time the Secretary-General of the United Nations was the Norwegian Trygve Lie and Norway was a non-permanent member of the Security Council.^[30] Sunde had also been the UN Security Council President in June 1949.^[31] When he was interviewed on his 80th birthday in 1964 Sunde stated that he viewed his time on the Security Council as the absolute high point of his life.^[2]