Euphrosyne of Alexandria

Euphrosyne of Alexandria (Greek: Ἁγία Εὐφροσύνη tr. "good cheer", 410–470),^[1][2] also called Euphrosynē,^[3] was an Egyptian saint who disguised herself as a male to enter a monastery and live, for 38 years, as an ascetic. Her feast day is celebrated on September 25 by the Greek Orthodox Church and Byzantine Rite Catholics, on September 27 by the Episcopal Church, and on January 16 by the Roman Catholic Church.

Euphrosyne was purportedly born to a wealthy family in Alexandria. When she was 18, her father wanted her to marry, so she escaped, disguised as a man, and entered a monastery. She spent most of her years as a monk in seclusion from the other monks. During the final year of her life, Euphrosyne became her father's spiritual director, comforting his grief over losing his only daughter. Eventually, she revealed her identity to him and they reconciled. After she died, he entered her monastery and became an ascetic himself, living in her cell until he died ten years later. Ecclesiastical historian Johann Peter Kirsch considered her story a legend.

According to Johann Peter Kirsch in the Catholic Encyclopedia, "Her story belongs to that group of legends which relate how Christian virgins, in order the more successfully to lead the life of celibacy and asceticism to which they had dedicated themselves, put on male attire and passed for men".^[2]

Euphrosyne was born in 410,^[1] into a wealthy and illustrious family in Alexandria, the only daughter of Paphnutius, "a deeply believing and pious Christian".^[3] Paphnutius and his wife were having difficulty having children, so he went to a local monastery, which he visited often, and requested that the abbot, who was his spiritual advisor, and monks pray for them; Euphrosyne was born shortly afterwards.^[3][4] She was baptized at the age of seven, educated in the scriptures, and was well known for her wisdom and love of learning.^[1][4]

When Euphrosyne was twelve, her mother died and her father raised her alone. When she was 18, she had many suitors, so her father chose the most noble and wealthiest for her to marry. They visited the monastery together to receive a blessing from the abbot for her marriage, but the visit inspired Euphrosyne to enter the monastic life.^[1][4][5] As writer David Clark put it, she was "unwilling to allow her gender to be a barrier to adopting this lifestyle for herself".^[5] A year later, the abbot sent a monk to Paphnutius' home to invite him to the anniversary celebration of the abbot's ordination; she met with the monk, and admitted to him her wish to become an ascetic, despite her fears of disobeying her father.^[5] The monk advised her to disguise herself as a man "to escape her impending marriage".^[6] She sent a servant to bring another monk to her, a hermit from Scete, who gave her the same advice. At her request, the monk shaved her head and invested her as a monk.^[6] When her father left home for another spiritual retreat, Euphrosyne took advantage of his absence and decided to join a monastery, the same one her father visited, instead of a convent, because she was afraid that her father would find her. She disguised herself as a man, claiming to be a eunuch; the abbot did not recognize her, and welcomed her into the monastery. Euphrosyne took the name Smaragdus, and lived there as a monk for 38 years, until her death in about 470.^[1][2][3][6]

أبهرت إيفروسين، التي كانت تُعرف باسم سماراغدوس، رئيس الدير بـ"الخطوات السريعة التي خطتها نحو حياة زهدية مثالية"، ^{[ 2 ]} ولكن كما ذكرت الكاتبة لورا سوان، "نشأ خلاف في الجماعة بسبب جمال إيفروسين، فأمرها رئيس الدير نفسه بالعزلة". ^{[ 1 ]} انتقل سماراغدوس إلى أعماق الصحراء إلى صومعة منعزلة، يُصلي فيها وحيدًا، بعيدًا عن بقية الجماعة، وكما قالت سوان أيضًا، أحب "العزلة الشديدة"، ^{[ 7 ]} ولم يعد يرى في النهاية إلا مرشده الروحي ورئيس الدير. ^{[ 4 ] [ 8 ]} يقارن كلارك، في فصله عن إيفروسين في كتابه " بين رجال العصور الوسطى: الصداقة والرغبة بين الرجال في الأدب الإنجليزي في أوائل العصور الوسطى" ، قصتها بقصة يوسف في العهد القديم ، والتي تتضمن أيضًا موضوعات التنكر والهويات السرية. ^{[ ٩ ]} يناقش كلارك "ديناميكية النوع الاجتماعي المعقدة والمتناقضة" ^{[ ١٠ ]} في قصة يوفروزين، ويقارنها بأوجينيا الرومانية ، وهي قديسة من القرن الثالث تنكرت هي الأخرى في زي رجل، لأنهما تشتركان في "ديناميكية مماثلة". ^{[ ١٠ ]} ويقول كلارك أيضًا إن قصتي أوجينيا ويوفروزين، اللتين تتضمنان الاستعانة بالخدم واستخدام التنكر للهروب إلى حياة العزلة الدينية، "نموذجيتان لقصص العشاق الذين يُحبطون زيجات غير مرغوب فيها. ومع ذلك، هنا الحبيب هو المسيح، والهدف ليس السعادة الزوجية بل حياة العزوبية". ^{[ ١٠ ] [ ملاحظة ١ ]}

Euphrosyne's father Paphnutius went to the monastery "for solace for his grief"^[7] over the loss of his only daughter; the abbot sent Euphrosyne to provide him with spiritual direction and comfort, but Paphnutius did not recognize her because she covered her face with a veil and never revealed her identity.^[7] He received "helpful advice and comforting exhortation"^[2] from her anyway and returned to meet with her several times, becoming, as Clark put it, "the spiritual father to her own biological father".^[5] Eventually, in the last year before her death, she revealed to Paphnutius her secret; they reconciled, and she requested that he tell no one and that he prepare her body for burial. After she died, Paphnutius distributed all his wealth to the poor and to the monastery, and became a monk himself, living in his daughter's cell for ten years, until he died and was buried beside Euphrosyne.^[2][3][7] Clark stated that Paphnutius' actions was another instance of the theme of gender reversal in Euphrosyne's story, and a reworking and complication of the issues of physical and spiritual fatherhood^[5] revealed in the "reversal of the father-daughter relationship".^[9]

Euphrosyne's tomb "became a place of prayer with miracles attributed to her".^[7] Her feast day is celebrated on September 25 by the Greek Orthodox Church and January 16 by the Roman Catholic Church.^[2] According to Swan, an early version of Euphrosyne's life was written in iambic pentameter and another one was written in prose form.^[7] According to Clark, an account of her life, written in Old English, also exists.^[10]

In 2022, Euphrosyne was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 27 September.^[11]

• Clark, David (2009). Between Medieval Men: Male Friendship and Desire in Early Medieval English Literature. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955815-5. OCLC 243546011.
• Swan, Laura (2001). The Forgotten Desert Mothers: Sayings, Lives, and Stories of Early Christian Women. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4016-0. OCLC 45460900.

• Ælfric of Eynsham (1881). "Of Saint Euphrasia" . Ælfric's Lives of Saints. London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.