إلبرت تاتل
إلبرت بار تاتل (17 يوليو 1897 - 23 يونيو 1996) كان رئيس قضاة محكمة الاستئناف الأمريكية للدائرة الخامسة من عام 1960 إلى عام 1967، وهي الفترة التي اشتهرت فيها المحكمة بسلسلة من القرارات الحاسمة في تعزيز الحقوق المدنية للأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي خلال حركة الحقوق المدنية . كان تاتل جمهوريًا من ولاية جورجيا ، وكان من بين القضاة الذين عُرفوا باسم " قضاة الدائرة الخامسة الأربعة ". في ذلك الوقت، لم تقتصر الدائرة الخامسة على ولايات لويزيانا وميسيسيبي وتكساس فحسب (ولايتها القضائية اعتبارًا من عام 2025) .)، وكذلك ألاباما وجورجيا وفلوريدا ومنطقة قناة بنما .
التعليم والمسار الوظيفي المبكر
وُلد تاتل في باسادينا، كاليفورنيا ، في 17 يوليو 1897. وفي عام 1906، انتقلت عائلته إلى هاواي حيث التحق بمدرسة بوناهو . وفي أكتوبر 1910، قام هو وشقيقه مالكولم ببناء أول طائرة شراعية في هاواي وقاداها.
تخرج تاتل من جامعة كورنيل في إيثاكا ، نيويورك ، عام ١٩١٨ حاملاً شهادة البكالوريوس في الآداب . شغل تاتل منصب رئيس تحرير صحيفة "كورنيل ديلي صن" . كما أسس فرع بيتا ثيتا من أخوية باي كابا ألفا في كورنيل، وكان عضواً في جمعية رأس أبو الهول . ثم شارك في الحرب العالمية الأولى ضمن سلاح الجو التابع للجيش الأمريكي من عام ١٩١٨ إلى عام ١٩١٩.
حصل تاتل على درجة البكالوريوس في القانون من كلية الحقوق بجامعة كورنيل ، حيث شغل منصب رئيس تحرير مجلة كورنيل للقانون الفصلية ، في عام 1923. [ 1 ] كان مراسلاً لصحيفة نيويورك إيفنينج وورلد لعدة سنوات أثناء دراسته في كلية الحقوق.
لاحقًا
بعد تخرجه من كلية الحقوق، انتقل إلى أتلانتا ، جورجيا ، لممارسة المحاماة في مكتب المحاماة ساذرلاند، تاتل وبرينان من عام 1923 إلى عام 1953 (يُعرف المكتب الآن باسم إيفرشيدز ساذرلاند ). عمل تاتل في قضايا الضرائب، كما قام بأعمال تطوعية ، بما في ذلك مع الاتحاد الأمريكي للحريات المدنية ، وتولى العديد من قضايا الحقوق المدنية.
Tuttle served as a colonel in the United States Army from 1941 to 1946, in World War II, declining a desk job. He was severely injured after engaging in hand-to-hand combat in Okinawa on the island of Ie Shima. He was awarded numerous medals for his service including the Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star, and the Bronze Service Arrowhead. Tuttle retired as a brigadier general and was often called "The General" by those who worked closely with him. After the War, Tuttle became more involved in politics, working with the Republican Party because of his opposition to segregation, which he associated mostly with southern Democrats. He was a general counsel for the United States Department of the Treasury from 1953 to 1954.[2]
Federal judicial service
Tuttle was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 7, 1954, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 68 Stat. 8. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 3, 1954, and received his commission the next day. He served as Chief Judge from 1960 to 1967 and was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1961 to 1967. He assumed senior status on June 1, 1968. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit on October 1, 1981, pursuant to 94 Stat. 1994. His service terminated on June 23, 1996, due to his death in Atlanta.[2]
Georgia gubernatorial election dispute
In the aftermath of the disputed 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election between Democrat Lester Maddox and Republican Bo Callaway, Tuttle joined Judge Griffin Bell, later the United States Attorney General, in striking down the Georgia constitutional provision requiring that the legislature chose the governor if no general election candidate receives a majority of the vote. The judges concluded that a malapportioned legislature might "dilute" the votes of the candidate with a plurality, in this case Callaway. Bell compared legislative selection to the former County Unit System, a kind of electoral college formerly used in Georgia to select the governor but invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court. Bell and Tuttle granted a temporary suspension of their ruling to permit appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court and stipulated that the state could resolve the deadlock so long as the legislature not make the selection. In a five-to-four decision known as Fortson v. Morris, the high court struck down the Bell-Tuttle legal reasoning and directed the legislature to choose between Maddox and Callaway.[3] The two leading liberal justices, William O. Douglas and Abe Fortas, had argued against legislative selection of the governor, but the court majority, led this time by Hugo Black took the strict constructionist line and cleared the path for Maddox's ultimate election.[4]
Honors
The Elbert P. Tuttle U.S. Court of Appeals Building was named in his honor in 1990.[5] For his work in civil rights cases in the South, Tuttle received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980.[6] He has a star on Atlanta's International Civil Rights Walk of Fame.[7]
See also
References
- ↑Elson, Charles M. (1996). "Remembering Judge Elbert P. Tuttle, Sr"(PDF). Cornell Law Review. 82 (1): 15–18. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- 12"Tuttle, Elbert Parr - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
- ↑"Fortson v. Morris". Oyez. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ↑Hathorn, Billy (Winter 1987–1988). "The Frustration of Opportunity: Georgia Republicans and the Election of 1966". Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South. XXI: 46–47.
- ↑Smothers, Ronald (June 11, 1990). "Atlanta Journal; Granite to Honor What Words Built". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
- ↑Bass, Jack (June 25, 1996). "Elbert P. Tuttle, 98, Federal Appeals Judge Who Sought Racial Justice in South, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
- ↑"International Civil Rights: Walk of Fame - Elbert Tuttle". www.nps.gov. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
Bibliography
- Bass, Jack (May 3, 2004). "The 'Fifth Circuit Four'". The Nation. pp. 30–32.
- Emanuel, Anne (Fall 2011). Elbert Parr Tuttle: Chief Jurist of the Civil Rights Revolution. University of Georgia Press.
- Nina Totenberg (October 5, 2011). "Elbert Parr Tuttle, Quiet Civil Rights 'Revolutionary'" (Podcast). NPR.
- "Elbert Parr Tuttle". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
- "Eleventh Circuit profile". Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- "Story about the first glider flight in Hawaii". Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- Elbert P. Tuttle papers, 1917-1995 at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University
- 1897 births
- 1996 deaths
- Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
- Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
- United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I
- United States Army personnel of World War II
- Recipients of the Legion of Merit
- Punahou School alumni
- Cornell Law School alumni
- Cornell University alumni
- Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
- United States Army colonels
- People associated with Sutherland Asbill & Brennan
