Jesuit Estates Act

The Jesuit Estates Act[1] (French: Loi sur les biens des jésuites or Acte relatif au règlement de la question des biens des Jésuites) was an 1888 Act of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that compensated the Society of Jesus for land confiscated in Canada by the British Crown after the suppression of the Society in 1774. When the revived Society returned to Canada in 1842, they began to campaign for the repossession of their allegedly confiscated estates. The premier of Quebec, Honoré Mercier, proposed the Jesuit Estates Act, which offered the Roman Catholic Church a financial settlement in return for incorporating the estates into Quebec's Crown lands.[2] This measure provoked much controversy among Orangemen and Protestants, but it was not overturned.
History
Settlement in Quebec
Following the Suppression of the Jesuits by Pope Clement XIV in 1773, their lands in the Province of Quebec were seized by the British Crown in 1791,[3] but possession was not taken until 1800, after all of their priests had either died or left Canada.[4] The lands were subsequently transferred to the Province of Lower Canada in 1831,[5] and the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada passed legislation in 1832 providing for all income arising from the estates to be segregated from other Crown property and dedicated for educational purposes.[6] After the Order was restored by Pope Pius VII in 1814 by virtue of the papal bullSollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, it was re-established in Canada in the 1840s,[5] and in the following years it campaigned for compensation in order to establish a new Catholic university in Montreal.[5] The province's archbishop, Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau, instead proposed that the estates be sold off and the money divided among existing Catholic schools.[5]

من خلال وساطة البابا ليو الثالث عشر ، تم التوصل إلى حل وسط، وأجاز القانون الناتج في عام 1888 تسوية تتكون من:
- دفع مبلغ 400,000 دولار كندي ليتم تقسيمه وفقًا لتوجيهات البابا [ 7 ] (والذي ذهب إلى اليسوعيين وجامعة لافال والعديد من الأبرشيات الكاثوليكية الرومانية) [ 5 ]
- [ 8 ] ومنح ملكية لابرايري كومون للجمعية، و
- [ 9 ] دفع مبلغ 60,000 دولار كندي إلى اللجنة البروتستانتية التابعة لمجلس التعليم العام لاستثمارها بشكل مناسب.
تحرك لرفض القرار على المستوى الفيدرالي
في مجلس العموم الكندي في فبراير 1889، سأل جون أوغسطس بارون وزير العدل جون طومسون عما إذا كانت الحكومة الفيدرالية سترفض قانون كيبيك. وبعد أن أجاب طومسون بالنفي، اقترح ويليام إدوارد أوبراين قرارًا في الشهر التالي يطالب باتخاذ مثل هذا الإجراء. [ 4 ] وفي النقاش الذي تلا ذلك، تصاعدت التوترات عندما صرّح دالتون مكارثي بما يلي:
يجب ألا ننسى أبدًا -وأخشى أن بعض أصدقائي من كيبيك ينسون ذلك أحيانًا- أن هذه دولة بريطانية، وأن مجريات الحرب حسمت هذا الأمر، وأن النصف الأكبر من أمريكا الشمالية أصبح تحت التاج البريطاني... ومع ذلك، يا سيدي، ها نحن اليوم، بعد مئة عام، نجد رئيس وزراء مقاطعة كيبيك يتوسل إلى بابا روما طالبًا منه السماح له ببيع ممتلكات اليسوعيين. هل يمكن أن يصل الإذلال إلى هذا الحد، إن كنا حقًا شعبًا حرًا؟ [ 10 ]
اتحدت حكومة المحافظين برئاسة جون أ. ماكدونالد ، مع الحزب الليبرالي بقيادة ويلفريد لورييه ، لإسقاط الاقتراح. وقد صرّح الأخير قائلاً: "سيدي، هذه ليست مسألة حزبية؛ إنها في أحسن الأحوال خلاف عائلي؛ إنها مجرد اضطراب داخلي في صفوف حزب المحافظين." [ 11 ]

وفي ختام المناظرة، أعلن ماكدونالد ما يلي:
...أنا راضٍ تمامًا عن المسار الذي اتخذه زميلي المحترم الذي تحدث للتو مؤيدًا سياسة الحكومة في هذه المناسبة، ولا أشعر بأي استياء من الانتقادات واللوم الذي وُجه إليه أثناء خطابه. إنه لأمرٌ صعبٌ على زميلي المحترم أن يُضطر للتصويت لنا. إنه مُلزمٌ بذلك، ولا يجرؤ على فعل غير ذلك. لن يستطيع مواجهة كيبيك لو فعل غير ذلك...
He is a young man. I cannot say of him ... that he is a fledging politician, but he is a young man...
We know that public agitation may go on sometimes without reason, and to a great extent, one cannot but deeply regret that the hon. member for Muskoka felt it his duty to make this motion, which ought not to have been made—this motion which will be the cause of a great deal of discomfort in Canada....
Why, there are in all the Dominion of Canada 71 Jesuits. Are they going to conquer the whole of Canada? Is Protestantism to be subdued? Is the Dominion to be seduced from its faith by 71 Jesuit priests? They are armed with a string of beads, a sash around their waists and a mass book or missal. What harm can they do?...
I cannot but remember the story of the Jew going into an eating house and being seduced by a slice of ham. When he came out, it so happened there was a crash of thunder and he said: Good heaven, what a row about a little bit of pork. It is a little bit of pork, I have no doubt that Canada will escape from the enormous sum of $6,000 a year....
What would be the consequence of a disallowance? Agitation, a quarrel—a racial and a religious war would be aroused. The best interests of the country would be prejudiced, our credit would be ruined abroad, and our social relations destroyed at home. I cannot sufficiently picture, in my faint language, the misery and the wretchedness which would have been heaped upon Canada if this question, having been agitated as it has been, and would be, had culminated in a series of disallowances of this act.[12]
By 188 to 13, the motion was defeated.[13]
Impact and aftermath

The thirteen MPs that supported the resolution came to be known as either the "Noble Thirteen" or the "Devil's Dozen",[5] and McCarthy resigned from the Conservative Party.[4] Their subsequent efforts led to the creation of the Equal Rights Association and the McCarthyites, as well as the rise of French-language schooling conflicts in Manitoba and Ontario.
In order to reduce political tensions, in 1890 the Parliament of Canada passed an Act for the incorporation of the Orange Order in Canada.[14] This recognized the political influence that the Orangeman had attained, which greatly affected the outcome of the 1891 federal election.[15]
The campaign for the Act's disallowance was one of many religious disputes that arose in 19th-Century and early 20th-Century Canada, which included the dissolution of the clergy reserves in Upper Canada, the Guibord case in the 1870s, the Manitoba Schools Question in the 1890s,[5] and Ontario's Regulation 17 in 1912.
Further reading
- A Complete and revised edition of the debate on the Jesuits' Estates Act: In the House of Commons, Ottawa, March, 1889. Montreal: Eusébé Senecal & Fils. 1889. ISBN 0-66527248-0. OCLC 11855812.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Miller, James Rodger (1979). Equal Rights: The Jesuits' Estates Act Controversy. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0302-1.
- Stevenson, Garth (2006). Parallel Paths: The Development of Nationalism in Ireland and Quebec. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3029-4.
External links
- Duhaime, Lloyd (September 11, 2007). "Canadian Legal History: 1889, The Jesuit Estates". duhaime.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
- Vogt, D. (January 5, 2010). "The Historical Significance of the Jesuit Estates Controversy in Canada". humanities360.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014.
References
- ↑An Act respecting the settlement of the Jesuits' Estates, S.Q. 1888, c. 13
- ↑S.Q. 1888, c. 13, s. 6
- ↑Doughty, Arthur G.; McArthur, Duncan A., eds. (1914). "Instructions to Lord Dorchester as Governor of Lower Canada (16th September, 1791)". Documents relating to the constitutional history of Canada, 1791–1818. Ottawa: King's Printer. pp. 13–32. OL 22878806M. at par. 44(12)
- 123Duhaime 2007.
- 1234567Vogt 2010.
- ↑An Act to make provision for the appropriation of certain monies arising out of the Estates of the late Order of Jesuits, and for other purposes, S.L.C. 2 Wm. IV, c. 41
- ↑S.Q. 1888, c. 13, s. 2
- ↑S.Q. 1888, c. 13, s. 3
- ↑S.Q. 1888, c. 13, s. 4
- ↑Dalton McCarthy, MP (March 27, 1889). https://books.google.com/books?id=iJI9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA843. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Canada: House of Commons. pp. 843–844.
{{cite book}}:|chapter-url=missing title (help) - ↑Wilfrid Laurier, Leader of the Opposition (March 27, 1889). https://books.google.com/books?id=iJI9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA897. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Canada: House of Commons. p. 897.
{{cite book}}:|chapter-url=missing title (help) - ↑John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister (March 27, 1889). https://books.google.com/books?id=iJI9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA903. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Canada: House of Commons. pp. 903–908.
{{cite book}}:|chapter-url=missing title (help) - ↑Official Report of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada. Vol. 28. Ottawa: Queen's Printer. 1889. p. 910.
- ↑An Act to incorporate the Grand Orange Lodge of British America, S.C. 1890, c. 105
- ↑"The Jesuit Estates Act". Canadian Orange Historical Site. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
- 1888 in Canadian law
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