راوند روك، تكساس

الموسوعة الحرة

راوند روك هي مدينة تقع في مقاطعتي ويليامسون وترافيس بولاية تكساس الأمريكية . [ 6 ] بلغ عدد سكانها 119,468 نسمة وفقًا لتعداد عام 2020. [ 7 ] وهي جزء من منطقة أوستن الكبرى الحضرية.

تقع مدينة راوند روك على امتداد منحدر بالكونز ، [ 8 ] وهو خط صدع يتميز بمناطق مسطحة تقع شرق الطريق السريع I-35 تقريبًا، وتضم تربة سوداء خصبة تُعرف باسم سهول بلاكلاند ، بينما يتكون الجانب الغربي من المنحدر في معظمه من تضاريس كارستية تلالية ذات تربة سطحية قليلة وارتفاعات عالية، وهو جزء من منطقة تلال تكساس . تقع راوند روك على بعد حوالي 24 كيلومترًا (15 ميلًا) [ 9 ] شمال أوستن ، وتتشارك معها حدودًا مشتركة بالقرب من الطريق السريع رقم 45 . 

تُعدّ راوند روك المقرّ الدولي لشركة ديل ، التي توظّف حوالي 16,000 شخص في مرافقها هناك. [ 10 ] تشمل متاجر التجزئة في راوند روك إيكيا ، وبريميوم أوتليتس ، ومركز لا فرونتيرا متعدد الاستخدامات . [ 11 ]

تاريخ

مع تطور المنطقة إلى مجتمع ريفي ذي أغلبية أنجلو-ساكسونية، اتبعت بعض الطرق المعبدة الحديثة مسارات السكان الأصليين. أحد أشهر طرق الهجرة مرّ عبر راوند روك ويُعرف باسم "درب الصف المزدوج" لأن الطريق كان واسعًا بما يكفي لمرور فارسين جنبًا إلى جنب. وهو جزء من درب أطول من شمال تكساس يعبر نهر سان غابرييل في جورج تاون، وبروشي كريك في راوند روك، ونهر كولورادو في أوستن. [ 12 ]

تاريخ القرن التاسع عشر

"الصخرة المستديرة" في راوند روك، تكساس، في بروشي كريك على طول درب تشيشولم التاريخي

In 1851, a small community was formed on the banks of Brushy Creek, near a large round and anvil-shaped rock in the middle of the creek. This round rock marked a convenient low-water crossing for wagons, horses, and cattle. The first postmaster called the community "Brushy", and the creek was called "Brushy Creek", but in 1854, at the suggestion of the postmaster, the small settlement was renamed Round Rock in honor of this now famous rock.[13] After the Civil War, Jesse Chisholm began moving cattle from South Texas through Round Rock on the way to Abilene, Kansas. The route he established, which crossed Brushy Creek at the round rock, became known as the Chisholm Trail.[14] Most of the old buildings, including the old Saint Charles Hotel, have been preserved. This historic area is now called "Old Town".[15]

The Palm House Museum in Round Rock

Downtown Round Rock was the site of a historic gunfight and subsequent capture (and death) of the 19th-century American train robber Sam Bass,[16] by the Texas Ranger Division on July 19, 1878. The Rangers followed Bass and his gang after they robbed the Fort Worth-to-Cleburne train. Bass was tracked to Round Rock, and as he attempted to flee, Bass was shot and killed in a gun battle by Ranger George Herold and Ranger Sergeant Richard Ware. Sheriff's Deputy A.W. Grimes was killed in the shootout. Near Ware was Soapy Smith, a noted con man, and his cousin Edwin, who witnessed Ware's shot. Soapy exclaimed, "I think you got him."[17] The event is known locally as the "Sam Bass Shootout".[18] This shootout is recreated each year at the July 4 Frontier Days Celebration in Old Settlers Park. Bass is buried in Round Rock Cemetery, northwest of "Old Town" on Sam Bass Road. His original headstone can be found on display at the Round Rock Public Library.[19]

20th-century history

Cotton

في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، استمدت مقاطعة راوند روك ثروتها من حقول القطن. [ 20 ] وكانت زراعة القطن والمحاصيل الحقلية والعنب والخضراوات هي المصادر الرئيسية للعيش شرق الطريق السريع 35. أما غرب سلسلة جبال بالكونز، فكان المزارعون يربون الأبقار والأغنام، وبدرجة أقل الماعز. [ 21 ] وبفضل الموقع الجغرافي المتميز لراوند روك فوق تربة " البراري السوداء " الخصبة والغنية، والمعروفة محليًا باسم "التربة الشمعية السوداء" [ 22 ] (نظرًا لارتفاع نسبة الطين فيها)، كان القطن المحرك الاقتصادي الأكبر في ذلك الوقت. ونظرًا لطبيعة التربة والمناخ، تُعد هذه المنطقة البيئية مثالية لزراعة المحاصيل. وكانت مدينة تايلور القريبة في تكساس، شرق راوند روك، المركز الرئيسي لزراعة القطن، حيث كان يُنقل المحصول إلى محلج القطن (حيث تُزال بذوره ميكانيكيًا) ، ثم يُضغط في بالات، ويُشحن بالقطار. كانت أوستن أيضًا مركزًا للقطن لفترة من الوقت بمجرد وصول خط السكة الحديد إليها في سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر. [ 23 ] ولا يزال إنتاج القطن وتربية الماشية مستمرًا حتى اليوم، على نطاق أصغر بكثير، وإن كان ذلك بشكل أساسي شرق راوند روك.

منتزه تشيشولم تريل كروسينج

للحفاظ على تراث معبر تشيشولم الشهير، تم إنشاء منتزه معبر تشيشولم ليُتيح للزوار فرصة مشاهدة مشهد مُحاكي لدور راوند روك التاريخي في مسيرة تشيشولم لنقل الماشية. وتُوثّق اللوحات التذكارية في المنتزه تاريخ راوند روك. وقد كلّفت المدينة بنحت التماثيل البرونزية لأربعة ثيران مع المرأة الرائدة هاتي كلاك وابنها إيميت، وذلك بفضل تبرعات من سكان راوند روك. وتُجسّد هذه التماثيل تاريخ راوند روك كموقع عبور على طول درب تشيشولم. [ 24 ] وتشمل خطط المشروع إضافة ما بين 18 إلى 20 تمثالًا برونزيًا آخر على مدار فترة زمنية.

رابطة المستوطنين القدامى

مدخل مرافق جمعية المستوطنين القدامى في راوند روك، تكساس

Following the end of the American Civil War, a group of Confederate veterans held a reunion in Georgetown on August 27, 1904, for the old settlers of Williamson County and their descendants. The invitation promised "good music, plenty to eat, and above all a warm welcome." The event was well-attended, and reunions—now called Old Settlers Association (OSA) reunions—have been held annually ever since. After the initial one, the event was moved to Round Rock and eventually a structure was built (along with three restored log cabins) in the Palm Valley area of Round Rock, in front of Old Settlers Park, just off Highway 79 in east Round Rock. All members of the organization are descendants of Williamson County residents prior to 1904. OSA has about 50 active members and 300 members in all.[25] The Old Settlers Association today is a social and educational group, with the purpose of facilitating social activities, as well as collecting and preserving important historical information and facts. The facilities are rented for meetings, arts and craft and collectable shows, events, parties, weddings and rehearsal dinners.[26]

Economic impact of Interstate 35

In the 1950s, planners of the new Interstate Highway System proposed to route Interstate 35 through Taylor, whose population and cotton industry made it the county's economic powerhouse. Highway Commissioner DeWitt Greer called for the "interregional" highway to go through Taylor on its way from Dallas to Austin, but some Taylor leaders and other citizens fought the idea, worried about the possibility of cutting farmers off from all or part of their fields, traffic noise, damage to country life, loss of farmland, and unwanted right-of-way acquisition—it was proposed to be an astounding 300 feet (90 m) wide, unheard of before this time. No one even knew what an "Interregional Highway" would look like, unless they had traveled to Germany to see the Autobahn or the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut. Instead, they wanted improvements to the farm-to-market roads and a straight route to Austin.[27]

Meanwhile, Round Rock leaders sought the highway and its potential economic benefits. Mayor Louis Henna lobbied the Highway Commission. In June 1956, the 15-year debate over the form, funding, and route of the Interstate was resolved.[28] Due to the heavy lobbying, and not wanting to antagonize Taylor, the highway was built along the edge of the Balcones Fault line, running through Round Rock. The precise route was not without opposition, however, as the new road cut off "Old Town" to the west from what had become the more recent "downtown" area east of Interstate 35.[29] The Interstate eventually made Round Rock into a viable and vibrant commercial center, while Taylor withered with the decline of the cotton industry. Today, it is a minor, modest town with a smaller population, while Round Rock has thrived and rapidly grown into the largest city in the county, attracting Dell Computer and major retail centers.[30] The transformation of Round Rock is detailed in a book by Linda Scarborough (publisher of the Williamson County Sun newspaper) titled Road, River and Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb published by Texas State Historical Press.[22]

Life as a suburb community

By the 1990s, Round Rock was primarily a suburb, with the majority of its employed residents working in Austin and then returning home after work to places such as Round Rock and Georgetown, where housing and land were less expensive. In the 1990s, Round Rock had few major employers and jobs other than local retail and other services, or ranching and farming.[11] In the late 1990s, though, that began to change as economic development became a major focus of the city and the Chamber of Commerce. Dell Corporation moved its headquarters to Round Rock, which has provided a significant number of jobs with 16,000 employees at its Round Rock headquarters.[31][32](See also the Business and economic development section in this article.)

Geography

Round Rock is 17 miles (27 kilometers) north of downtown Austin, and 10 mi (16 km) south of Georgetown. Its elevation is 709 ft (216 m). According to the US Census Bureau, the city has an area of 26.3 square miles (68 km2), of which 26.1 square miles (68 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.50%) is covered by water.[33] Prior to the 2010 census, the city annexed part of the Brushy Creek CDP, increasing its area to 35.9 square miles (93 km2), of which 35.6 square miles (92 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) is water.[34][35]

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by generally hot, humid summers and mild, cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, Round Rock has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.[36]

Climate data for Round Rock, Texas
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)88(31)100(38)96(36)96(36)102(39)109(43)105(41)107(42)109(43)99(37)92(33)88(31)109(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)60(16)65(18)73(23)79(26)85(29)91(33)95(35)96(36)90(32)82(28)70(21)62(17)79(26)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)35(2)39(4)46(8)54(12)62(17)69(21)71(22)70(21)64(18)55(13)45(7)37(3)54(12)
Record low °F (°C)8(−13)9(−13)18(−8)22(−6)34(1)50(10)55(13)50(10)36(2)19(−7)10(−12)−3(−19)−3(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm)2.39(61)2.45(62)2.18(55)3.31(84)5.00(127)3.66(93)1.68(43)2.30(58)3.27(83)4.38(111)3.34(85)2.58(66)36.54(928)
Average snowfall inches (cm)0.1(0.25)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0(0)0.1(0.25)
Source: [37]

The city was heavily damaged by a high-end EF2 tornado on March 21, 2022. The tornado continued well northeast of the city afterwards, causing additional damage before dissipating. Sixteen people were injured.[38]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880628—
18901,438129.0%
19001,138−20.9%
19101,2459.4%
1920900−27.7%
19301,00511.7%
19401,17316.7%
19501,68343.5%
19602,45846.0%
19702,81114.4%
198012,740353.2%
199030,923142.7%
200061,13697.7%
201099,88763.4%
2020119,46819.6%
2022 (est.)126,697[5]6.1%

Round Rock, with a population of more than 130,000, is located 15 miles north of Austin in the Central Texas Hill Country. It is the 28th most populous city in Texas, according to Texas Demographic Center.[39]

Racial and ethnic composition

Round Rock city, Texas – Racial and ethnic compositionNote: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)Pop 2000[40]Pop 2010[41]Pop 2020[42]% 2000% 2010% 2020
White alone (NH)40,11353,92456,02765.61%53.99%46.90%
Black or African American alone (NH)4,5609,25411,5527.46%9.26%9.67%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)2102883120.34%0.29%0.26%
Asian alone (NH)1,7275,0569,6682.82%5.06%8.09%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)51051770.09%0.11%0.15%
Some Other Race alone (NH)691677140.11%0.17%0.60%
Mixed race or multiracial (NH)8912,1355,2741.46%2.14%4.41%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)13,51128,95835,74422.10%28.99%29.92%
Total61,13699,887119,468100.00%100.00%100.00%

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, Round Rock had a population of 119,468. The median age was 35.0 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18 and 10.1% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.4 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 93.7 males age 18 and over.[43]

99.9% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0.1% lived in rural areas.[44]

There were 43,536 households in Round Rock, of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 50.4% were married-couple households, 17.7% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 25.1% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[43]

There were 45,844 housing units, of which 5.0% were vacant. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1% and the rental vacancy rate was 6.7%.[43]

Racial composition as of the 2020 census[45]
RaceNumberPercent
White64,29053.8%
Black or African American12,14510.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native1,0140.8%
Asian9,8148.2%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander2060.2%
Some other race11,5129.6%
Two or more races20,48717.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)35,74429.9%

Economy

The Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation headquarters in Round Rock
Dell headquarters in Round Rock

The City of Round Rock has maintained a high quality of life while becoming a major center for economic growth in Central Texas, with industry clusters in clean energy, advanced manufacturing, life sciences, and computer/software development.[14]

Round Rock has more than 20 major employers[46] including: Cerilliant Corporation, Cintas, Dell, Dresser, Emerson Process Management, Hospira, IKEA, KoMiCo Technology Inc., Round Rock Premium Outlets, Prudential Overall Supply, Sears Customer Care, Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corp, Tekscend Photomask, and TECO-Westinghouse.[14]

Dell corporate headquarters

Dell, a multinationalcomputer and information technology corporation based in Round Rock, develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company employs about 11,500 people in the Round Rock facilities,[32] and as of 2017, about 138,000 people worldwide.[47] Dell was originally based in Austin after its formation in 1984 as PC's Limited by UT college student Michael Dell. With the need for significant space as it expanded, the City of Round Rock in 1996 offered Dell a "Chapter 380" agreement by offering to split sales tax revenue from in-state sales 50/50 between Dell and the city. (A "Chapter 380" agreement is named for the chapter in Vernon's Statues that permits sales tax revenue sharing for economic development purposes.) It was the first time such an agreement had been used in Central Texas and among the first in the state.[48] As of 1999, approximately half of the general fund of the City of Round Rock originates from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters.[48] Today, the company is one of the largest technology companies in the world, listed as number 38 on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the #5 most admired company in its industry. As part of its clean energy program in 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the power coming from TXU Energywind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc.

Commercial and retail

Round Rock's largest commercial and office business center is La Frontera, at the intersection of Loop 1, SH 45, and IH-35. La Frontera combines multi-tenant offices, company headquarters facilities, 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of retail,[49] and several apartment complexes and other smaller retail and housing centers. The project also includes Williamson County's largest hotel, the Austin North Marriott, which provides space for large conferences, meetings, and banquets — a first for the county and an important component of Round Rock's economic efforts.[50] The center is also home to the Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation,[51] and Emerson Process Management. The retail portion is the second-largest outdoor commercial project in the Austin-Round Rock metro area.[52] La Frontera was developed by Bill Smalling and Don Martin, with Fort Worth financier Ed Bass as financial partner.

In 2006, a retail-only hub opened in Round Rock at the corner of IH-35 and Highway 1431 (now renamed "University Boulevard"), across the street from IKEA.[53] The major-retailer center includes the Simon Property Group's Premium Outlets Mall, as well as numerous other retail stores and restaurants. The project was developed by Simon Property Group, with other portions by Barshop and Oles of Austin.

Round Rock is also the home of the 'World Famous' Round Rock Donuts, which was founded in 1926.[54]

Sports

A view of the third-base stands of the Dell Diamond, home of the Round Rock Express

Round Rock is home to the Round Rock Express, a Triple-AMinor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League,[55] owned by RSR Sports (Nolan Ryan, Don Sanders, Reid Ryan) and was founded by Reid Ryan, son of Baseball Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan. As of August 2010, Nolan Ryan is also the new owner of the major league Texas Rangers ball club.[56] Home games for the Express are played at the Dell Diamond, a facility that is owned by the City of Round Rock and leased long-term to RSR Sports, which runs and maintains the facility.

Round Rock opened a free public skate park in 2007[57] behind the Clay Madsen Recreation Center on Gattis School Road.[58]

Round Rock is the self-proclaimed "Sports Capital of Texas".[59] The city's Old Settlers Park offers a professionally designed disc golf course, cricket, cross country running, twenty-field baseball complex, five-field softball complex, and seven soccer facilities in addition to the Rockin' River Family Aquatic Center.[60]

The 11th annual US Quidditch Cup championship quidditch tournament was hosted in Round Rock in April 2018.[61]

Government

City government

The city of Round Rock is managed through a council-manager form of government. The city council is composed of six city council members and the mayor. The mayor and all council members are elected at large and serve the entire city, not by geographic precincts. The mayor pro tem is appointed annually by council members.[62] City Council positions are not full-time jobs. The council appoints a full-time city manager, who manages the daily affairs of the city, and all council meetings are held at 221 E. Main Street, in downtown Round Rock, on the second and fourth Thursdays of each month at 7 pm, unless indicated otherwise. Council meetings are televised.[63]

County government

The Commissioners Court[64] is the overall governing and management body of Williamson County, consisting of five members. The county judge presides as chairman over the court, and is elected every four years by all voters in the county. Four commissioners are elected by single-member precincts every four years. While the majority of Round Rock is within Precinct 1, all four precincts include some portions of the city.

State and national representation

Other political subdivisions

Municipal utility districts, commonly referred to as "MUDs", play a significant role in Round Rock. Each is a special-purpose district that provides public utilities such as water, wastewater, storm water, and sometimes roads, parks, solid waste, and other infrastructure and services to the residents of each district. MUDs are typically formed by a residential developer as a means to install utilities and roads to a project when a city is not ready or able to provide them. The developer gets reimbursed over time from the fees levied by the MUD, and at some point the area may be annexed by the city to bring the development into the city's tax base once the basic infrastructure costs are paid off.[66] The MUD is represented by its own board of directors, who are voted on by the residents of the district, and it has the authority to condemn land, add additional land area, and levy fees in lieu of property taxes to maintain the utilities and other facilities.

Ten MUDs are in Round Rock: Brushy Creek, Fern Bluff, Highlands at Mayfield Ranch, Meadows at Chandler Creek, Paloma Lake, Parkside at Mayfield Ranch, Siena, Teravista, Vista Oaks, and Walsh Ranch. Total population living within these MUDs is 47,648 (2010 city estimate).[67]

Round Rock's largest district is Brushy Creek Municipal Utility District.[68] Brushy Creek MUD was formed as Williamson County Municipal Utility District No. 2 in October 1977 with 725 acres (2.9 km2) of land. An annexation in 1983 increased the District to 2,210 acres (8.9 km2). The district name was changed to Brushy Creek Municipal Utility District in August 1990. The MUD provides a wide range of city-like services including parks and recreation, full utilities, road maintenance and a Home Owner's Association. Services a MUD can offer, however are also limited by law (for example they cannot offer library services).

Another similar but somewhat smaller MUD in Round Rock's is Fern Bluff Municipal Utility District[69] in the Wyoming Springs area of town. Both MUDs play a significant role in local governance and maintenance of basic utilities.

From time to time, elections to the boards were contentious and heated debates arose regarding other MUD issues.[70] Round Rock does not often annex a MUD to avoiding having to take on the aging infrastructure replacement and upkeep costs.

Education

Public education

Round Rock's main public library branch on Main Street in the city's historic downtown area

Public education is administered by the Round Rock Independent School District. The district includes southern Williamson County and northwest Travis County, and portions of Austin and Cedar Park.[71]

Elementary Schools in Round Rock:[72]

  • Berkman Arts Integration Academy
  • Blackland Prairie Leadership Academy
  • Bluebonnet Elementary School
  • Brushy Creek Elementary School
  • Cactus Ranch Elementary School
  • Caldwell Heights Elementary IB World School
  • Callison Elementary School
  • Chandler Oaks IB World School
  • Deep Wood Elementary School
  • Double File Trail Elementary Leadership Academy
  • Fern Bluff Elementary School
  • Forest Creek Elementary School
  • Gattis Elementary School
  • Great Oaks Elementary Leadership Academy
  • Herrington Elementary School
  • Old Town Elementary School
  • Redbud Elementary School
  • Robertson Elementary School
  • Teravista Elementary Leadership Academy
  • Union Hill Elementary School
  • Voigt Arts Integration Academy

Middle and high schools in Round Rock:[73][74]

*
  • C.D. Fulkes Middle School
  • Canyon Vista Middle School
  • Cedar Ridge High School
  • Cedar Valley Middle School
  • Chisholm Trail Middle School
  • Deerpark Middle School
  • Early College High School
  • Grisham Middle School
  • Hernandez Middle School
  • Hopewell Middle School
  • Pearson Ranch Middle School
  • Ridgeview Middle School
  • Round Rock High School
  • Stony Point High IB World School
  • Success High School
  • Walsh Middle School

Higher education

The Avery Building on the Round Campus of Texas State University

Texas State University Round Rock Campus provides training program for work at local companies, such as Dell. In 2009, 1,700 students were enrolled.[75]

A campus of Texas A&M Health Science Center opened in Round Rock in 2010.[76]

A campus of Austin Community College opened in 2010.[77][78]

The School of Nursing at Texas State University in Round Rock offers programs in health information management, health services research, and physical therapy.[79][80]

Media

Filming location

In 1998, the Texas Chainsaw House featured in the 1974 horror movie, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, was moved from Round Rock to Kingsland, Texas, where it was fully restored.[81]
  • The 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was filmed at various central Texas locations with a majority shot at two houses in Round Rock.[81] Tours of local sites are available.[82]
  • A majority of the 2002 film The Rookie was shot at and around the minor-league baseball stadium in Round Rock known as Dell Diamond.[83]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Major highways

The interchange of Interstate 35 and State Highway 45 under construction in 2004

Health care

Seton Williamson opened in 2008

Hospitals and health care services serve not only Round Rock and the greater Williamson County area, as well as North Austin.[84] These include:

  • Saint David's Round Rock Medical Center, opened in 1984. It is a for-profit hospital with a Level II Trauma center.[85]
  • Scott & White Memorial Hospital, opened in 2007. The facility has full hospital services, and transfers some patients to its primary Temple campus.
  • Ascension Seton Williamson,[86] opened in 2009. A level II trauma center next to the Texas State University campus.[87]

Notable people

المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً

مراجع

  1. ↑ "أعضاء مجلس المدينة" . مدينة راوند روك . تم الاطلاع عليه في 10 مايو 2026 .
  2. ↑ "مكتب مدير المدينة" . مدينة راوند روك . تم الاطلاع عليه في 10 مايو 2026 .
  3. ↑ "ملفات دليل الولايات المتحدة لعام 2019" . مكتب الإحصاء الأمريكي . تم الاطلاع عليه في 7 أغسطس 2020 .
  4. 1 2 نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية لهيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية: راوند روك، تكساس
  5. 1 2 "إجمالي عدد سكان المدن والبلدات: 2020-2021" . مكتب الإحصاء الأمريكي. 3 يوليو 2022. تم الاطلاع عليه في 3 يوليو 2022 .
  6. ↑ "مكتب إحصاءات العمل لمنطقة أوستن-راوند روك، تكساس، الحضرية" .
  7. ↑ "الملف الجغرافي لمكتب الإحصاء: مدينة راوند روك، تكساس" . مكتب الإحصاء الأمريكي . تم الاطلاع عليه بتاريخ 27 فبراير 2022 .
  8. ↑ منحدر بالكونز من دليل تكساس الإلكتروني . تم الاطلاع عليه في 11 مايو 2010. جمعية تكساس التاريخية الحكومية
  9. ↑ "حول مدينة راوند روك" . مدينة راوند روك . تم الاطلاع عليه في 13 يوليو 2026 .
  10. ↑ هول، كريستين (28 أبريل 2010). "الولايات الإلكترونية: تكساس ثاني أكبر ولاية من حيث فرص العمل في مجال التكنولوجيا" . مجلة أوستن للأعمال . تم الاطلاع عليه في 4 مايو 2010 .
  11. 1 2 تومسون، كارين ر.؛ جين هـ. ديجيسوالادو (1985). راوند روك تكساس التاريخية . أوستن، تكساس: دار نشر نورتكس (منشورات إيكين). ص 78. 
  12. ↑ تومسون، كارين ر.؛ جين هـ. ديجيسوالادو (1985). راوند روك تكساس التاريخية . أوستن، تكساس: دار نشر نورتكس (منشورات إيكين). الصفحات 16، 17. OCLC 12119831 .  
  13. ↑ "الصخرة المستديرة" . علامات تكساس التاريخية . تم الاطلاع عليه في 31 أغسطس 2023 .
  14. 1 2 3 "نبذة عن مدينة راوند روك" . Roundrocktexas.gov . تم الاطلاع عليه بتاريخ 23 يوليو 2010 .
  15. ↑"A Brief History of Round Rock". Roundrocktexas.gov. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  16. ↑"Bass, Sam Handbook of Texas entry".
  17. ↑Smith, Jeff (2009). Alias Soapy Smith: The Life and Death of a Scoundrel, Klondike Research. pp. 30–32. ISBN 0-9819743-0-9
  18. ↑"The Officer Down Memorial Page on A. W. Grimes".
  19. ↑"City of Round Rock – Sam Bass". Roundrocktexas.gov. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  20. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  21. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  22. 12Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  23. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  24. ↑Torres, Edward (February 23, 2009). "Recalling family connections along Round Rock's old Chisholm Trail". Round Rock Leader. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
  25. ↑Stansbury, Amy (July 3, 2008). "Round Rock Old Settlers Association". Community Impact Newspaper. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010.
  26. ↑Thompson, Karen R.; Jane H. Digesualado. Historical Round Rock Texas. Austin, Texas: Nortex Press (Eakin Publications).
  27. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. pp. 53–256. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  28. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  29. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2009). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
  30. ↑Scarbrough, Linda (2005). Road, River and Good Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-87611-202-1.
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