Traditional Korean medicine

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الموسوعة الحرة

A Korean acupuncturist inserting a needle into the leg of a male patient (19th century)[1]

Traditional Korean medicine[n 1] (known in North Korea as Koryo medicine) refers to the forms of traditional medicine practiced in Korea.

History

The building in the picture is a hospital that specializes in Korean medicine.

Korean medical traditions originated in ancient and prehistoric times and can be traced back as far as 3000 BCE when stone and bone needles were found in North Hamgyong Province, in present-day North Korea.[2][3] In Gojoseon, where the founding myth of Korea is recorded, there is a story of a tiger and a bear who wanted to reincarnate in human form and who ate wormwood and garlic. In Jewang Ungi (제왕운기), which was written around the time of Samguk Yusa, wormwood and garlic are described as 'edible medicine', showing that, even in times when incantatory medicine was the mainstream, medicinal herbs were given as curatives in Korea. Medicinal herbs at this time were used as remedial treatment such as easing the pain or tending injury, along with knowing what foods were good for health. In the period of the Three Kingdoms, traditional Korean medicine was mainly influenced by other traditional medicines such as ancient Chinese medicine. There was important trade with foreign countries during the period of the Three Kingdoms.[4] "In particular, medical knowledge from China supplemented the foundation of traditional medicine that had been handed down from the Old Joseon period."[4][5]In Korea, this has "spurred further developments."[4]

ازدهر الطب في عهد مملكة جوسون . فعلى سبيل المثال، أُنشئ أول نظام تدريب للممرضات في عهد الملك تايجونغ (1400-1418)، بينما في عهد الملك سيجونغ العظيم (1418-1450) اتُخذت تدابير لتشجيع تطوير مجموعة متنوعة من المكونات الطبية الكورية التي تتوافق في طبيعتها مع استيراد المكونات الصينية المكلف في ذلك الوقت. [ 6 ] جُمعت هذه الجهود ونُشرت في كتاب "هيانغياك جيبسونغبانغ" (향약집성방، 1433)، الذي اكتمل وشمل 703 من الأدوية الكورية الأصلية، مما شكّل حافزًا للتحرر من الاعتماد على تجارة المكونات الطبية الصينية. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] تعتبر الموسوعة الطبية المسماة المجموعة المصنفة للوصفات الطبية (醫方類聚, 의방유취)، والتي تضمنت العديد من الكلاسيكيات من الطب الصيني التقليدي، والتي كتبها كيم يي مونغ (金禮蒙, 김예몽) وأطباء كوريون رسميون آخرون من 1443 إلى 1445، واحدة من أعظم النصوص الطبية في القرن الخامس عشر. [ 7 ] احتوت على أكثر من 50,000 وصفة طبية، وضمّت 153 نصًا كوريًا وصينيًا مختلفًا، [ 7 ] بما في ذلك كتاب " الوصفات الموجزة للأطباء الملكيين" (御醫撮要方, 어의촬요방) الذي كتبه تشوي تشونغ جون (崔宗峻, 최종준) عام 1226. تتمتع المجموعة المصنفة للوصفات الطبية بقيمة بحثية بالغة الأهمية، لأنها تحتفظ بمحتويات العديد من الكتب الطبية الكورية والصينية القديمة التي فُقدت لفترة طويلة. [ 9 ]

دونغوي بوغام ، المتحف الوطني الكوري

After this, many books on medical specialties were published. There are three physicians from the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) who are generally credited with further development of traditional Korean medicine—Heo Jun, Saam, and Yi Je-ma. After the Japanese invasion in 1592, Dongeui Bogam (동의보감) was written by Heo Jun, the first of the major physicians. This work further integrated the Korean and Chinese medicine of its time and was influential to Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese medicine. In the late period of Joseon, Yi Je-ma's "unique system of constitutional medicine" illustrates the "nature of" the medicine that has been traditionally developed in Korea by example.[4] Medical treatments were based upon yin and yang principles "and the five elements."[4] A warm treatment would treat a person who is a yin or deficient constitution or for treatment of chronic injury or illness.[4] On the other hand, a cold treatment would treat a person who is a yang or excessive constitution or conversely an acute injury or ailment.[4]

The next major influence to traditional Korean medicine is related to Sasang typology (사상의학). Yi Je-ma and his book, The Principal of Life Preservation in Oriental Medicine (東醫壽世保元, 동의수세보원) systematically theorized with the influence of Korean Confucianism and his clinical experiences in Korea. Yi Je-ma said that even if patients suffer the same illness, patients need to use different herbal applications to treat the same illness due to the pathophysiologies of individuals. He stresses that the health of human body had a close relationship with the state of mind. He believed that the human mind and body were not separate and they closely reflected each other, and the aspect of mind needed to be considered when examining the causes of disease. Thus, not only food and natural environment but also emotional changes in humans can be another major reason for illness. He believed that medical diagnosis and treatment should be based on person's typology rather than on symptoms alone and each person should be given different prescriptions depending on the constitution of the individual.[10] Sasang typology (사상의학) focuses on the individual patients based on different reactions to disease and herbs. Treat illness by the treatment of the root cause through proper diagnosis. Key to this diagnosis is to first determine the internal organs or pathophysiology of each patient.[11]

The next recognized individual is Saam, a priest-physician who is believed to have lived during the 16th century. Although there is much unknown about Saam, including his real name and date of birth, it is recorded that he studied under the famous monk Samyang. He developed a system of acupuncture that employs the five element theory.

In the late Joseon dynasty, positivism was widespread. Clinical evidence was used more commonly as the basis for studying disease and developing cures. Scholars who had turned away from politics devoted themselves to treating diseases and, in consequence, new schools of traditional medicine were established. Simple books on medicine for the common people were published.

Yi Je-ma classified human beings into four main types, based on the emotion that dominated their personality and developed treatments for each type:

  • Tae-Yang (태양, 太陽) or "greater yang"
  • So-Yang (소양, 小陽) or "lesser yang"
  • Tae-Eum (태음, 太陰) or "greater yin"
  • So-Eum (소음, 小陰) or "lesser yin"

The Japanese took control of Korea, which made the Korean traditional medicine fall on difficult times.[4] Colonial rule of the Japanese started since 1910.[4] The continuance of developing Korean medicine was suspended for 40 years due to the Japanese rule.[4] Academic research of this medicine was suspended as well.[4] The suppression lasted until 1945, when Korea was freed from the Japanese rule.[4] In 1951, the enactment of the National Medical Treatment Law established an organized framework for skillful practitioners who use the medicine that has been traditionally developed to treat patients.[4] Koreans and their government supported this medicine.[4] In 1970s, Korean traditional medicine including acupuncture was generally acknowledged by healthcare clinics due to its effectiveness, efficiency and its historical cultural value.[4]

كان يُطلق على الطب الكوري التقليدي في الأصل اسم "طب الأعراض". [ 12 ] "تنص مبادئ الطب التقليدي على تقييم ثمانية أعراض". [ 12 ] تُصنف هذه الأعراض "إلى أربعة أزواج: البرد/الحرارة، النقص/الكفاية، الحجم/الصغر، والين/اليانغ". [ 12 ] يكون الطب الكوري التقليدي غير فعال عند استخدامه بمفرده في بعض الحالات. [ 12 ] يمكن استخدام الطب الغربي بالتزامن مع الطب الكوري، مما يزيد من فعاليته. [ 12 ] في كوريا، تُمارس هذه الطريقة على نطاق واسع منذ زمن طويل. [ 12 ] حاليًا، يواجه الطب الكوري التقليدي تحدياتٍ تتمثل في الخضوع لفحوصات علمية، مثل التجارب السريرية، لمواجهة تزايد انعدام الثقة. [ 13 ] انتشرت عبارة "هانمودانغ" (한무당)، وهي كلمة مُستحدثة تربط الطب الكوري التقليدي بالشامانية، انتشارًا واسعًا بين الأجيال الشابة، لدرجة أن جمعية حماية الطب الكوري التقليدي اضطرت إلى اتخاذ إجراءات لمنع ظهورها تلقائيًا في نتائج البحث على الإنترنت. [ 14 ]

بشكل عام، يمكن تقسيم تاريخ الطب الكوري إلى خمس فترات. تُعتبر الفترة الأولى، حتى القرن الثاني عشر تقريبًا، إحدى فترات الركود في تاريخ الطب الكوري، حيث اعتمد الطب الكوري التقليدي بشكل أساسي على التقاليد الشعبية وبعض العناصر الأجنبية (الصينية في الغالب). في الفترة الثانية، من القرن الثالث عشر إلى القرن الخامس عشر، ظهر طب هيانغياك، الذي ركز على استخدام الأعشاب المحلية. يُعد طب هيانغياك نوعًا من الطب الكوري التقليدي الذي يصف علاجات هيانغياك فقط. [ 15 ] كان هذا التركيز المحلي بالغ الأهمية خلال أوقات الحرب، عندما كان الوصول إلى الإمدادات الطبية الأجنبية محدودًا. تميزت الفترة الثالثة، من القرن الخامس عشر إلى أوائل القرن السابع عشر، بظهور نصوص طبية عظيمة مثل كتاب هيانغياك جيبسونغبانغ، الذي جمع بين المعارف المحلية والأجنبية لتشكيل نظام متكامل للطب الكوري.

في القرنين السابع عشر والتاسع عشر، ازداد استقلال الطب الكوري التقليدي مع نشر كتاب " مبادئ وممارسة الطب الشرقي" (東醫寶鑑، 동의보감، دونغوي بوغام ) عام ١٦١٣، وهو نصٌّ أساسيٌّ رسّخ مكانة الطب الكوري التقليدي كطبٍّ متميزٍ عن الطب الصيني التقليدي. أما الفترة الخامسة، التي امتدت تقريبًا بين القرنين العشرين والحادي والعشرين، فقد تطلّبت من الطب الكوري التقليدي تعديلاتٍ كبيرةً لمواكبة البحوث الطبية الحديثة، مع الحفاظ على جوهره. وشهدت هذه الفترة سعي كوريا لدمج الطب الكوري التقليدي في نظام الرعاية الصحية الوطني، بالتزامن مع مواكبة التحديث والعولمة.

To sum up, the growth of Korean Medicine reveals how traditional wisdom can evolve when faced with external factors or contemporary demands. Synthesis of TKM with modern science traces TKM's evolution from folk herbal medicine to integration with scientific research, albeit with a cultural dilemma of retaining the past while modernizing. Such progression provides insights into the durability and applicability of traditional systems in the contemporary world.

Methods

Medicine hawker in Seoul (1976)

The most common applications of Korean traditional medicine are acupuncture, herbal medicine, and moxibustion.[12] They describe a combination of natural and medical sciences research.[12] In Korea, adherents of the medicine that has been traditionally developed advise that acupuncture comes first.[12] Moxibustion comes second and herbal medicine comes third.[12] Depending on physical state and particular condition of the individual, these practices can be prescribed in separate ways.[12]

Herbal medicine

hanyak (traditional medicine)
Doctor's office in folk village in pre-modern Korea.
Preparation for hanyak, National Folk Museum of Korea

Herbalism is the study and practice of using plant material for the purpose of food, medicine, or health. They may be flowers, plants, shrubs, trees, moss, lichen, fern, algae, seaweed or fungus. The plant may be used in its entirety or with only specific parts.

Herbal medicines may be presented in many forms including fresh, dried, whole, or chopped. Herbs may be prepared as infusions when an herb is soaked in a liquid or decocted—simmered in water over low heat for a certain period. Some examples of infusion are chamomile or peppermint, using flowers, leaves and powdered herbs. Decocting examples may be rose hips, cinnamon bark, and licorice root consisting of fruits, seeds, barks, and roots. Fresh and dried herbs can be tinctured where herbs are kept in alcohol or contained in a vinegar extract. They can be preserved as syrups such as glycerites in vegetable glycerin or put in honey known as miels.

Non-oral herbal uses consist of creams, baths, oils, ointments, gels, distilled waters, washes, poultices, compresses, snuffs, steams, inhaled smoke and aromatics volatile oils.

Many herbalists consider the patient's direct involvement to be critical. These methods are delivered differently depending on the herbal traditions of each area. Nature is not necessarily safe; special attention should be used when grading quality, deciding a dosage, realizing possible effects, and any interactions with herbal medications.[16]

An example of herbal medicine is the use of medicinal mushrooms as a food and as a tea. A notable mushroom used in traditional Korean medicine is Phellinus linteus, also known as Song-gen.

Another example of herbal medicine is cheongsimhwan (Korean: 청심환, lit.'clear-mind pill'), a pill formulated with thirty odd herbs and other medicinal ingredients, including calculus bovis, ginseng, musk, and Chinese yam root.[17]

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is used to withdraw blood or stimulate certain points on humans and animals by inserting them on specific pressure points of the body. Traditional acupuncture involves the belief that a "life force" (qi) circulates within the body in lines called meridians.[18] Scientific investigation has not found any histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points,[n 2][23] and many modern practitioners no longer support the existence of life force energy (qi) flowing through meridians, which was a major part of early belief systems.[24][25][26] Pressure points can be stimulated through a mixture of methods ranging from the insertion and withdrawal of very small needles to the use of heat, known as moxibustion. Pressure points can also be stimulated by laser, massage, and electrical means.[27]:234 Constitutional acupuncture, medicinal acupuncture, Sa-am acupuncture, and single-needle acupuncture are unique methods of acupuncture.[12]

Moxibustion

Moxibustion is a technique in which heat is applied to the body with a stick or a cone of burning mugwort. The tool is placed over the affected area without burning the skin. The cone or stick can also be placed over a pressure point to stimulate and strengthen the blood.[28]

2013 World Traditional Medicine Expo, Sancheong

A Cochrane Review found moderate certainty evidence for the use of moxibustion plus usual care for reducing the chance of breech presentation of babies but uncertainty about the need for ECV.[29] Moxibustion has also been studied for the treatment of pain,[30]cancer,[31]stroke,[32]ulcerative colitis,[33]constipation,[34] and hypertension.[35] Systematic reviews of moxibustion show that there is a need for further research about these other therapeutic applications to reduce risk of publication bias.[36]

Education

Graduate School of Korean Medicine

The South Korean government established a national school of traditional Korean medicine to establish its national treasure on a solid basis after the closing of the first modern educational facility (Dong-Je medical school) one hundred years ago by the Japanese invasion.

In 2008, the School of Korean Medicine was established inside Pusan National University with the 50 undergraduate students on the Yangsan medical campus. The new affiliated Korean Medical Hospital and Research Center for Clinical Studies are under construction.

Compared with common private traditional medicine undergraduate schools (6 years), this is a special graduate school (4+4).

General Hospital of Koryo Medicine

Koryo medicine is a form of traditional medicine used in North Korea and promoted by the North Korean government, providing half of the reported healthcare in the country.[37] It is largely practised in the General Hospital of Koryo Medicine, Pyongyang.[38] Examples of Koryo medicine sold commercially are Kumdang-2 and Royal Blood-Fresh, sold by the Pugang Pharmaceutic Company, both of which are popular with Chinese tourists to North Korea.[39]

Influence of Western medicine

بحسب هان (1997)، أدخل المبشرون المسيحيون الطب الغربي إلى كوريا في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. تزامن ذلك مع ازدياد التأثر بالغرب والضغوط الإمبريالية في كوريا، مما أدى إلى تبني سريع للممارسات الطبية الغربية. خلال فترة الاستعمار الياباني، عزز قمع الطب الكوري التقليدي (هانبانغ) تراجعه، حيث اعتُبر ثانويًا ومتخلفًا عن الطب الغربي. مع ذلك، شهد أواخر القرن العشرين انتعاشًا للهانبانغ، وتزامن ذلك مع تنامي النزعة القومية والازدهار الاقتصادي. [ 40 ]

نقد

يتمثل النقد الرئيسي الموجه لدمج الطب الغربي في المجتمع الكوري في تأثيره على إمكانية الوصول إلى الخدمات الصحية، إذ اقتصرت فوائد التطور الطبي في الغالب على سكان المدن الأكثر ثراءً. وقد تفاقم هذا التفاوت مع تسليع الرعاية الصحية، حيث تم تسويق كل من الأدوية الغربية والتقليدية بقوة، وغالبًا ما كانت الأولوية للربح على حساب رعاية المرضى. علاوة على ذلك، أدى هيمنة الطب الغربي على الممارسات التقليدية إلى تهميش الهوية والثقافة الكورية. ورغم هذا النقد، فقد شهد قطاع الصحة العامة تقدمًا ملحوظًا، بما في ذلك تحسين مكافحة الأمراض وتطوير التقنيات الطبية التي ساهمت بشكل كبير في تحسين جودة الحياة. إضافة إلى ذلك، ساهم إنشاء كليات الطب وبرامج التدريب في رفع مستوى الرعاية الصحية وتوحيد معاييرها، مما رفع بدوره مستوى الصحة العامة في البلاد.

انظر أيضاً

ملحوظات

  1. ↑ 한의학 ;韓醫學; هانويهاك ; أو 향약 ;鄕藥; هيانجياك
  2. ذكر سينغ وإرنست (2008) أن "العلماء ما زالوا عاجزين عن إيجاد أي دليل يدعم وجود مسارات الطاقة أو طاقة تشي" [ 19 ]، وأن "المبادئ التقليدية للوخز بالإبر معيبة للغاية، إذ لا يوجد أي دليل على الإطلاق يثبت وجود طاقة تشي أو مسارات الطاقة" [ 20 ]، وأن "نقاط الوخز بالإبر ومسارات الطاقة، باعتبارها يين ويانغ، ليست حقيقة واقعة، بل هي مجرد نتاج فلسفة صينية قديمة" [ 21 ] [ 22 ] .

مراجع

  1. ↑ "معالج كوري بالوخز بالإبر يُدخل إبرة في ساق مريض ذكر" . مجموعة ويلكوم . تم الاطلاع عليه بتاريخ 26-05-2024 .
  2. ↑"Acupuncture Stimulated Healing". Archived from the original on 2015-04-09.
  3. ↑Dr. DiLeva, Rose. "The Evolution of Acupuncture in Veterinary Medicine"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  4. 123456789101112131415Shin Joon-shik. (2008). Introduction to Korea's Traditional Medicine. Koreana, 22(1), 8–13.
  5. ↑Park, Hye-Lim; Lee, Hun-Soo; Shin, Byung-Cheul; Liu, Jianping; Shang, Qinghua; Yamashita, Hitoshi; Lim, Byungmook (2012-10-24). "Traditional Medicine in China, Korea, and Japan: A Brief Introduction and Comparison". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012 429103. doi:10.1155/2012/429103. PMC 3486438. PMID 23133492.
  6. ↑Korean Medicine: A Holistic Way to Health and Healing By Seoul Selection
  7. 123Selin, Helaine (2013-11-11). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 506. ISBN 978-94-017-1416-7. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  8. ↑Wang, Zi; Wu, Qing (April 2023). "Restructuring Trade: Circulation of Medicinal Materials in East Asia in the 18th Century". Ui Sahak. 32 (1): 279–319. doi:10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.279. ISSN 2093-5609. PMC 10521862. PMID 37257931.
  9. ↑"The Influence of Chinese Clothing | Oriental Style". Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  10. ↑Archaeology of Psychotherapy in Korea: A Study of Korean Therapeutic Work ... By Haeyoung Jeong
  11. ↑"ChaeLab - Sasang Typology". Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  12. 123456789101112Ko Changham. (2008). Three Popular Applications of Korea's Traditional Medicine. Koreana, 22(1), 14–23.
  13. ↑김, 준호 (2020-07-16). "의사단체 "한방첩약은 비과학적, 안전·효과 불신"". 메디칼트리뷴 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  14. ↑"네이버, 카카오 등에서 '한무당' 자동완성 검색어 사라진다". 한의신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  15. ↑Kang, Y. (2011). The characteristics of Korean medicine based on time classification. China Perspectives, 2011(3), 33-41.
  16. ↑Micozzi, Marc S., and Lisa Meserole (2000). Marc S. Micozzi and C. Everett Koop (ed.). Herbal Medicine: Fundamentals of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. St. Louis: Saunders El Sevier.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑"Cheongsimhwan" 청심환. Korean-English Learners' Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  18. ↑"Acupuncture". NHSChoices. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  19. ↑Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 72
  20. ↑Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 107
  21. ↑Singh & Ernst 2008, p. 387
  22. ↑Singh; Ernst (2008). Trick or Treatment?. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-06129-9. OCLC 190777228.
  23. ↑Ahn, Andrew C.; Colbert, Agatha P.; Anderson, Belinda J.; Martinsen, ØRjan G.; Hammerschlag, Richard; Cina, Steve; Wayne, Peter M.; Langevin, Helene M. (2008). "Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review"(PDF). Bioelectromagnetics. 29 (4): 245–256. doi:10.1002/bem.20403. PMID 18240287. S2CID 7001749.
  24. ↑de las Peñas, César Fernández; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Gerwin, Robert D (2010). Tension-type and cervicogenic headache: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 251–254. ISBN 978-0-7637-5283-5.
  25. ↑Mann, F (2000). Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine. Elsevier. ISBN 0-7506-4857-0.
  26. ↑Ulett, GA (2002). "Acupuncture". In Shermer, M (ed.). The Skeptic: Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. p. 283291. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.
  27. ↑Pizzorno, Joseph E. Jr. and Pamela Snider (2000). Marc S. Micozzi and C. Everett Koop (ed.). Naturopathic Medicine: Fundamentals of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. St. Louis: Saunders El Sevier.
  28. ↑Kim, Y.-S. (2005). "Korean Oriental Medicine in Stroke Care". Complementary Health Practice Review. 10 (2): 105–117. doi:10.1177/1533210105279482.
  29. ↑Coyle, Meaghan E.; Smith, Caroline; Peat, Brian (2023-05-09). "Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (5) CD003928. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003928.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10167788. PMID 37158339.
  30. ↑Lee, Myeong Soo; Choi, Tae-Young; Kang, Jung Won; Lee, Beom-Joon; Ernst, Edzard (2010). "Moxibustion for Treating Pain: A Systematic Review". The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 38 (5): 829–38. doi:10.1142/S0192415X10008275. PMID 20821815.
  31. ↑Lee, Myeong Soo; Choi, Tae-Young; Park, Ji-Eun; Lee, Song-Shil; Ernst, Edzard (2010). "Moxibustion for cancer care: A systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 10 130. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-130. PMC 2873382. PMID 20374659.
  32. ↑Lee, M. S.; Shin, B.-C.; Kim, J.-I.; Han, C.-h.; Ernst, E. (2010). "Moxibustion for Stroke Rehabilitation: Systematic Review". Stroke. 41 (4): 817–20. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.566851. PMID 20150551.
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