أحجار رونية فارانجية

يُعدّ هذا الحجر الروني، المصمم على طراز Pr3، أحد الأحجار الرونية في هاغبي . ^{[ 7 ]} اكتُشف عام 1930 في قبو المبنى الرئيسي لعقار ليسبي القديم، الذي هُدم في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. ^{[ 8 ]} كان الحجر مُثبّتًا في جدار القبو، وكان جانبه المنقوش ظاهرًا مع الحجرين الرونيين U 152 و U 154. [ ^{9 ] عندما} انهار القبو، تشظّى الحجر الروني إلى عدد كبير من القطع الصغيرة والكبيرة، وكان الجزء العلوي منها هو الأكبر. ^{[ 10 ]} عُثر على جزء من الحجر في حقل ضمن ملكية ليسبي. ^{[ 11 ]} في المجمل، أُعيد تجميع ما لا يقل عن 70 قطعة، وفي عام 1931، رُفع الحجر المُرمّم إلى حديقة هاغبي. ^{[ ١٢ ]} الحجر من الجرانيت، ويبلغ ارتفاعه ٢.٦٠ مترًا وعرضه ١.٥ مترًا. ^{[ ١٣ ]} النقش متضرر، وخاصة في بدايته ونهايته. ^{[ ١٤ ]} يشير إلى عدة أحجار، وربما كان أحدها الحجر الروني U ١٥٥. ^{[ ١٥ ]}

يمكن إعادة بناء الأحرف الرونية الأخيرة إما على النحو التالي: [i karþ]um (في غارذار ، ^{[ ملاحظة 1 ]} أي في أراضي روس ) أو [i krik]um (بين اليونانيين، أي في الإمبراطورية البيزنطية ). ^{[ 22 ] [ 23 ]}

نص النقش: ^{[ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ]}

هذا الحجر الروني من طراز Pr3، وهو أحد الأحجار الرونية في هاغبي . ^{[ 27 ]} اكتُشف مع الحجرين U 151 وU 153 في قبو منهار أسفل الجزء الشرقي من أساسات المبنى الرئيسي لمزرعة ليسبي. ^{[ 28 ]} عند اكتشافه، كان لا يزال قائمًا، لكنه كان قد سُحق وتفتت إلى 50 قطعة عند إزالته من الجدار. ^{[ 29 ]} أُعيد تجميعه، لكن الجزء العلوي منه فُقد ولم يُسترجع. ^{[ 30 ]} في عام 1931، نُصب في حديقة هاغبي. ^{[ 31 ]} الحجر داكن اللون، ويبلغ ارتفاعه 1.23 مترًا وعرضه 0.3 مترًا. ^{[ 32 ]} النقش متضرر في عدة مواضع. ^{[ 33 ]}

نص النقش: ^{[ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ]}

هذا ليس حجرًا رونيًا بالمعنى الدقيق، بل هو نقش روني على طراز Pr4 نُحت على صخرة مسطحة في فيدا. ويعود تاريخه إلى منتصف القرن الحادي عشر. ^{[ 37 ]} وقد أمر بنقشه ثورستين الذي أثرى نفسه في أراضي روس تخليدًا لذكرى ابنه. ويُرجّح أوميلجان بريتساك أن ثورستين هذا هو نفسه ثورستين، القائد السابق لإحدى الحاشية، ^{[ 38 ]} الذي يُخلّد ذكراه على حجر تورينج الروني . ^{[ 39 ] [ 40 ]} ويشير إلى أن ثورستين كان قائد حاشية ياروسلاف الحكيم ، وأن ابنه إيرينموند ربما يكون قد توفي في غارداريكي أثناء خدمته تحت قيادة والده. ^{[ 41 ]}

من المرجح أن العقار الذي تم شراؤه هو مزرعة فيدا، حيث يوجد النقش. ^{[ 42 ]} ويكتسب هذا النقش أهمية خاصة لأنه يشير إلى أن الثروات التي جُمعت في أوروبا الشرقية قد أدت إلى استحداث إجراء جديد لشراء أراضي الأودال بشكل قانوني . ^{[ 4 ]}

نص النقش: ^{[ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]}

كان هذا الحجر الروني موجودًا في ضيعة تورساكر، لكنه اختفى. يُفترض أنه كان على طراز Pr3 وصنعه صانع الأحجار الرونية فوت . وقد أقامه ثلاثة رجال تخليدًا لذكرى رجل رابع توفي في الشرق.

نص النقش: ^{[ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ]}

عُثر على هذا الحجر الروني على شكل شظايا في غاديرستا، وقد اختفى، لكنه كان على الأرجح من طراز Pr4 . وقد أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى رجل توفي على الطريق الشرقي.

نص النقش: ^{[ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ]}

هذا الحجر الروني نقشٌ قديمٌ على طراز RAK بدون زخارف. يقع في أوبي، وقد أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى أبٍ سافر غرباً وشرقاً.

نص النقش: ^{[ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ]}

عُثر على هذا الحجر في لاديرستا، وهو مبني على طراز Fp . أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى ابن يُدعى أرنفاست سافر إلى غارداريكي . ذُكر اسم أرنفاست أيضاً على الحجر U 635.

هناك قراءتان لعبارة i karþa . إحداهما تعني "إلى غارذار " أو "إلى غارذاريكي "، أي "إلى أراضي روس ". ^{[ 55 ]} مع ذلك، في النقوش الرونية، يظهر هذا الاسم الجغرافي دائمًا بصيغة الجمع غير المباشر، ^{[ 56 ]} مما يوحي بأن صيغة المفرد i karþa ربما كانت تشير إلى مدينة معينة تُدعى غارذار ، أي إما إلى القسطنطينية ^{[ 57 ]} أو إلى كييف . ^{[ 58 ]}

نص النقش: ^{[ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ]}

عُثر على هذا الحجر، الذي وقّعه خبير الرون أوبير ، في سيستا بالقرب من سكوكلوستر . وهو منقوش على طراز Pr4 ، وقد أقامته امرأة تُدعى رونا تخليدًا لذكرى أبنائها الأربعة الذين توفوا. وقد أمرت بصنعه مع زوجة ابنها سيغريدر، أرملة سبيالبودي. وأضافتا أن المكان الذي توفي فيه سبيالبودي هو i olafs kriki ، وقد ناقش العديد من العلماء معنى هذه الأحرف الرونية. ^{[ 62 ]}

في عام 1875، اقترح ريتشارد دايبك أن كلمة "كريكي" تُمثل كلمة " غريك " في اللغة النوردية القديمة ، والتي تعني "اليونان"، ولكن في عام 1891، قرأها سوفوس بوغه على أنها " غريذ "، والتي تعني "الحاشية". ^{[ 63 ]} لاحقًا، في عام 1904، فسّرها أدولف نورين على أنها "كريكر" ، والتي تعني "الخطاف"، ^{[ 64 ]} ولكن في عام 1907، اقترح أوتو فون فريزن أن الأحرف الرونية تُقرأ "آي أولافس كيركي" ، أي "في كنيسة القديس أولاف في نوفغورود ". ومنذ ذلك الحين، أصبح تفسير أوتو فون فريزن هو التفسير المقبول. ^{[ 65 ]}

يشير أوميلجان بريتساك إلى أن سبجالبودي توفي في حريق دمر الكنيسة حوالي عام 1070-1080. ^{[ 66 ]} من ناحية أخرى، يعزو جانسون وفاة سبجالبودي في كنيسة إلى حقيقة أن العديد من كنائس العصور الوسطى كانت هياكل دفاعية. ^{[ 67 ]}

النص الروني موقع من قبل خبير الرون أوبير ، الذي كان نشطًا خلال أواخر القرن الحادي عشر وأوائل القرن الثاني عشر في أوبلاند .

نص النقش: ^{[ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ]}

هذا ليس حجرًا رونيًا بالمعنى الدقيق، بل نقش روني على صخرة مسطحة في نوربي. وهو مكتوب على طراز Pr4 ، وقد أُقيم تخليدًا لذكرى ثلاثة رجال، توفي أحدهم في الشرق. وقد وقّع على النص الروني خبير الرون أوبير.

نص النقش: ^{[ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ]}

يقع هذا الحجر الروني في سكآنغ، ​​وهو من طراز Fp . وقد أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى رجل توفي في اجتماع في الشرق. ومن المحتمل أيضاً أن يكون النقش يشير إلى أن الرجل توفي في موكب في الشرق. ^{[ 74 ]}

نص النقش: ^{[ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ]}

يقع هذا الحجر الروني على طريق يُسمى "تيوفستيجن" (درب اللصوص)، وهو منحوت على طراز KB، وهو تصنيف للنقوش التي تحمل صليبًا محاطًا بنص روني. يشير النص الروني إلى أنه أُقيم تخليدًا لذكرى شقيقين كانا من طبقة " ثيغن " ( الطبقة العليا )، وهي طبقة من الحاشية، وتوفيا في مكان ما في الشرق. استُخدمت العبارة نفسها بصيغة المفرد على الحجرين الرونيين Vg 8 من هيالستاد و DR 143 من غونديروب. يصف حوالي خمسين حجرًا رونيًا تذكاريًا المتوفى بأنه كان من طبقة "ثيغن".

نص النقش: ^{[ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ]}

عُثر على هذا الحجر الروني في مقبرة هوسبي. واجهته الأمامية مغطاة بالكامل بالرسومات، ويُنسب إلى الطراز Pr3-Pr4 . نُحت هذا الحجر على يد خبير الرون بالي تخليدًا لذكرى شقيق أحدهم الذي توفي في الشرق.

نص النقش: ^{[ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ]}

اختفى هذا الحجر الروني، لكنه كان موجودًا في بونستاد. وقد صُنع على طراز راك تخليدًا لذكرى رجل توفي في الشرق.

نص النقش: ^{[ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ]}

This runestone is a runic inscription on flat bedrock in Fagerlöt. It is in the style Pr2-Pr3 and it was made in memory of a man named Áskell who fell in battle in the East. The second sentence of the inscription is in the meter fornyrðislag, and it contains a virtually unique use of the Old Norse word grimmr ('cruel') in the sense "commander".^[87] Áskell's title folksgrimmr may be the title that the commander had in the druzhina of Yaroslav I the Wise in Novgorod.^[88]

The inscription reads:^[89][90][91]

This runestone is found near a homestead named Hagstugan. It is either style Fp or possibly style Pr1 and it is raised in memory of a man who fell in what is today Russia. It is composed in fornyrðislag and the last line, which contains cipher runes, was decoded by Elias Wessén. It is from the first half of the 11th century.^[92]

The inscription reads:^{[93][94][95]'''"-97" id="mwAs8">[96][97][98]}

This runestone is found in Innberga and it was raised in memory of a man who died in what is today Russia. It is dated to the first half of the 11th century.^[99]

The inscription reads:^{[100][101][102]}

This runestone is a boulder that was found in Esta, and it was made in memory of the captain of a ship who died in Novgorod.^[103] The boulder is badly damaged due to weathering, but thanks to a 17th-century drawing scholars know what it said.^[104] Three parts of the stone are located in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm.

According to Jansson, the runestone testifies to the unrest that could appear in the important marketplace of Novgorod,^[67] and it was not only the captain who died, but also the entire crew.^[105]Omeljan Pritsak, on the other hand, thinks that the deceased had probably died in the service of the Novgorodian prince in the first half of the 11th century.^[106] The second half of the inscription is in the fornyrðislag meter.^[107]

The inscription reads:^{[108][109][110]}

This runestone was found as a fragment in Aska, but it has disappeared. What remained said that it was made in memory of a man who died in the East.

The inscription reads:^{[111][112][113]}

This runestone is a runic inscription by the runemasterÖpir in the style Pr5 on a large boulder. It is located outside the railroad station in Södertälje. It was made in memory of two men who were in the east. The runic text is signed by the runemaster Öpir, and uses a bind rune to combine the a-rune and s-rune in the word hua^str, which is tentatively translated as austr ('east').^[114] Öpir used the same a^s bind rune in inscription U 485 in Marma.^[115]

The inscription reads:^{[116][117][118]}

This is a runestone raised in the church of Turinge. It is in sandstone, in the style Pr4 and it was made in memory of the chieftain of a warband. It is the most verbose of all the Varangian stones,^[119] and it was probably made in the mid-11th century.^[120]

Omeljan Pritsak identifies this Þorsteinn with Þorsteinn of the Veda inscription, who bought an estate for his son with money earned in the lands of Rus'.^{[121][122][123]} He suggests that Þorsteinn was the commander of the retinue of Yaroslav I the Wise^[124] and that his son Erinmundr may have died in Garðaríki while serving under his father.^[41]

The inscription reads:^{[125][126][127][128][129][130]}

This runestone was discovered in 1938 in the ruins of the church of Stora Rytterne.^[131][132] It forms a monument together with image stone Vs 2, and it was raised in memory of a son who died either in what is today Russia or in Khwarezm in Persia.

Jansson, who was the first scholar to publish an analysis of the inscription, suggested in 1940 that i · karusm was a misspelling for i krþum (i garðum, 'in Gardariki'). However, in 1946, he discovered that it may refer to Khwarezm in Central Asia. He proposed that it may be one of the Ingvar Runestones and that it tells where the Ingvar expedition ultimately ended in 1041. The archaeologist Ture J. Arne criticized this analysis claiming that although a Viking chieftain could arrive to the Caspian Sea in 922, when Vikings met Ibn Fadlan, such a voyage would not have been possible in the 1040s.^[133] Arne instead accepted Jansson's first analysis of the inscription.^[134]

The Rundata project retains Khwarezm as an equal possibility,^[135] and Omeljan Pritsak notes that karusm agrees with *qarus-m which is what the Middle Turkic form of Khwarezm would have been.^[136] Moreover, Pritsak notes that Arne was wrong in his claim that it would have been impossible for Ingvar to go to Kwarezm at the time. On the contrary, there were no obstacles for such a voyage during the period 1035–1041.^[137][138]

The inscription is somewhat unusual in that the sponsor's name kuþlefʀ, which is the first word in the inscription, is preceded and followed by a cross, perhaps done to draw attention.^[139]

The inscription reads:^{[140][141][142]}

This runestone is carved in runestone style Fp and was raised in memory of Grímmundr who travelled to the east.^[143] It was discovered in 1986 at Jädra near Västerås, when stones were removed from a field. It is a lightly reddish stone which is granular and finely textured. The surface of the inscription is even but it is damaged due to flaking, making parts of the inscription difficult to read. It is 2.27 m tall, 0.9 m wide and 0.33 m thick. It is of note that the inscription when discovered still carried traces of its original colouring, which was determined to be of iron oxide but without any noticeable traces of binding material. The nuance appears to have been the same the one used by the Department of Runes when repainting runes in modern days. The stone is of historic note as it mentions the construction of a bridge on the old trail from Badelunda and lake Mälaren to the district of Dalarna.^[144]

The Rundata designation for this Västmanland inscription, Vs Fv1988;36, refers to the year and page number of the issue of Fornvännen in which the runestone was first described.

The inscription reads:^{[145][146][147]}

The Kälvesten stone in Östergötland is dated to the 9th century.^[148] It is the oldest inscription that mentions a Viking chieftain leading an expedition eastwards, and many other chieftains would follow in his wake.^[149] Unfortunately, it does not tell the exact destination of the Viking expedition.^[150]

In the inscription, the runes aukrimulfʀ are to be read as auk krimulfʀ and the k rune, , thus represents two letters at the same time.^[148] The runes represent the common Norse name Grímulfr, which was in use all over Scandinavia. It is of note that the name appears in such an old runestone as the other runic attestations of the name are considerably younger, and the name was common in medieval Norway. The name of the deceased, Eyvindr, is a common name in Swedish runic inscriptions, but not Eivísl, the name of the chieftain of the expedition. The only other secure attestation appears on the contemporary Sparlösa Runestone in Västergötland. Since the name appears on two runestones from roughly the same time and in two districts that were culturally closely connected, the name may refer to the same person on the two runestones.^[151] Unfortunately, the Sparlösa Runestone is damaged in several places and although it mentions a battle and although there are images like birds hovering above the rigging of a ship, scholars cannot be certain that it refers to a chieftain who had fallen in battle. The identification between the name Eivísl on the two runestones will remain a hypothesis.^[149]

The inscription reads:^{[152][153][154][155][156][157]}

This runestone is found at Skjorstad. It is in the style Fp and it was raised in memory of a man named Ingvarr who died in the East.

The inscription reads:^{[158][159][160]}

This runestone has disappeared but was found in the village of Hassla. It was in the style RAK and it was raised in memory of a brother who died on the eastern route.

The inscription reads:^{[161][162][163]}

This runestone was raised in the cemetery of the church of Smula, but has been moved to the grounds of Dagsnäs Castle. It is carved in the style Fp and it is raised in memory of a brother who died as a warrior in the east. He may have been a member of the Varangian Guard.^[164]

The inscription reads:^{[165][166][167]}

This runestone is raised on the cemetery of the church of Dalum. It was raised in memory of a two brothers, one of whom died in the west while the other one died in the east.

The inscription reads:^{[168][169][170]}

This runestone is raised on the cemetery of Gårdby and it is raised in memory of a man who either stayed in what is today Russia or in a nearby location. It is dated to the period 1020–1050.^[88]

The inscription reads:^{[171][172][173][171][174][175]}

This runestone refers to a man who was in a place called karþum. One view holds that the place name is Garðar, i.e. Garðaríki (the lands of Rus'), and another view is that the name refers to Garda Parish not far from the stone.^[177]Omeljan Pritsak holds the first view to be the correct one, since having been to a neighbouring parish hardly merits a mention on a runestone.^[177] It is probably from the first half of the 11th century.^[88]

The inscription reads:^{[178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189]}

The stones G 134 and G 135 tell about the same family, and there is also an additional runestone about the same people, G 136. These runestones tell of a common situation for Scandinavian families in the 11th century: one son was killed through treason in the South, possibly as a member of the Varangian Guard, and another son died in Vindau (Ventspils, Latvia).^[190]

The men who betrayed Hróðfúss were according to the runestone blökumenn ('black men') and most scholars interpret them as Walachians,^[191] but others, such as Omeljan Pritsak, argue in favour of a theory that they were Polovtsians.^[192] This theory was proposed in 1929 by Akeksej I. Sobolevskij, and he suggested that blökumenn was connected to a Central European name for the Kipchak (Qipčaq) Polovcians (Qūmans), which was Blawen, Blauen and a translation of the Slavic Plavci. All the Old Norse information on the blökumenn date to the period 1016–1017 in the case of Eymundar þáttr and to 1122 concerning the Berroa battle (Saint Olaf's miracles), but the first mention of the Wallachians is in Niketas Choniates' Chronikē diēgesis and it concerns an event in 1164. Moreover, Pritsak notes that ON blakkr also had the meaning 'pale' which designated the first ruling horde of the Kipchaks who were one of the most important nomadic peoples in the 11th and 12th centuries.^[191]

The inscription reads:^{[193][194][195]}

This runestone is found in a museum in Gotland. It is a fragment of a runestone made of limestone and it was made in memory of a man who died in Novgorod. The inscription testifies to the intense contacts that existed between Gotland and Novgorod, where the Gotlanders had a trading station of their own.^[196]

The inscription reads:^{[197][198][199]}

This runestone was found in Pilgårds, but is now located in a museum on Gotland. It was dated to the last half of the 10th century by Wolfgang Krause. The runestone was raised in memory of men led by Vífil who navigated the Dniepr cataracts, and tried to pass the most dangerous of them, the Nenasytec', the άειφόρ of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Eifor). When they arrived at Rvanyj Kamin' (Rufstain), Rafn was killed and the crew raised stones in his memory south of it.^[200]

The inscription reads:^{[201][202][203]}