List of Roman domes

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The Pantheon in Rome. Largest dome in the world for more than 1,300 years.
Oculus of the Pantheon

This is a list of Roman domes. The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces.[1] Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches. Semi-domes also became a favoured architectural element and were adopted as apses in Christianchurch architecture.[2]

Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in Rome and the provinces around the Mediterranean Sea. Along with vaults and trusses, they gradually replaced the traditional post and lintel construction which makes use of the column and architrave. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of concrete, a process which has been termed the Roman Architectural Revolution.[3] Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of structural steel frames in the late 19th century (see List of largest domes).[1][4][5]

Domes

All diameters are clear span in m; for polygonal domes applies to the in-circle diameter. Main source is Jürgen Rasch's study of Roman domes (1985).

Diameter 2(m)Name,PartLocationBuiltShape of dome,Ground planMaterial,Roof constructionShellThickness ST (m)ST to ⌀Curtain WallThickness CWT (m)CWT to ⌀Diameter Oculus DO(m)DO to ⌀Comments/Other Characteristics
~ 43.45[6]PantheonRome126 ADRotundaConcrete,Lead plate roofing~ 1.351:32~ 5.931:7.38.951:4.9Largest dome of the world until 1436; largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present;[7] archetype of Western dome construction to this day[4][8]
38.20[9]Temple of ApolloLake Avernus1st c.
~ 35.08[5]Baths of Caracalla,CaldariumRome3rd c.AmphorasEight pillars; largest dome of the world out of ceramic hollowware
29.50[10]Temple of DianaBaiae2nd c.1.201:25~ 5,70 [11]1:5.2
26.30[10]Temple of VenusBaiae2nd c. -~ 2.90 [12]1:9.1Outer wall pillars
25.04[13]Mausoleum of MaxentiusRome4th c.Rotunda
25.00[14]Baths of Agrippa,'Arco della Ciambella'Rome1st c. BCRotundaFirst Thermae in Rome with central dome;[14]largest dome of the world
24.15[10]Arch of Galerius and RotundaThessaloniki4th c.Brick~ 11:246.001:4Largest brick dome of the world
23.85[10]Sanctuary of AsclepiusPergamon2nd c.Brick -3.351:7.1Earliest monumental brick dome;[15]largest brick dome of the world
~ 23.70 to~ 19.80 [16]St. Gereon's BasilicaCologne4th c.Oval with eight niches and apseLater medieval structure with Roman building fabric largest occidental dome between Hagia Sophia and Florence Cathedral[17]
23.65[10]Temple of Minerva MedicaRome4th c.DecagonConcrete with brick ribs0.561:42~ 2.60 [12]1:9.1Outer wall pillars
~ 22.00[18]Baths of AntoninusCarthage2nd c.PolygonSeven domes with diameters between 17 and 22 m[18]
~ 22.00[19]Rotunda at the HippodromeConstantinople5th c.Rotunda with ten niches
~ 22.00[20]Baths of Diocletian,San BernardoRome~ 300Concrete with brick ribs
21.65 or 21.25 [21][22]Baths of Diocletian,'Planetarium'Rome~ 300Umbrella dome,OctagonConcrete with inner brick covering4.201:5.1
21.55[22]Temple of MercuryBaiae1st c. BCConcrete[23]3.651:5.9Earliest monumental dome;[24]largest dome of the world
20.18[10]Mausoleum of HelenaRome4th c.Ceramic amphora incorporated into dome's base0.901:222.401:8.4
~ 19.80[21]Baths of Caracalla,Side buildingRome3rd c.OctagonPreliminary form of the pendentive dome[21]
~ 19.40[21]Baths of BacuccoNear Viterbo4th c.Umbrella dome,Octagon
19.30[22]Baths of Diocletian,TepidariumRome~ 3003.681:5.2
18.38[10]PantheonOstia3rd c. -1.981:9.3
~ 18.00[16]Church of EuphemiaConstantinople5th c.Hexagon
16.75[25]Hadrian's Villa,'Serapeum'Tivoli2nd c.Umbrella domeConcreteHollow space system
16.45[18]Imperial Baths,TepidariumTrier4th c.Concrete
15.70[18]Basilica of San VitaleRavenna6th c.Clay pipe,Wooden roof construction
~ 15.60[22]Nymphaeum in Albano Laziale?1st c.Concrete2.081:7.6Earliest evidence for hollow spaces at dome's base for reduction in weight[26]
~ 15.00 to~ 13.00 [15]Southern bathsBosra3rd-4th c.OctagonConcrete
~ 15.00[16]Western bathsJerash2nd c.SquareVoussoirOne of the earliest stone domes with square plan;[16]largest stone dome of the world
14.70[10]Heroon of Romulus at the Roman ForumRome4th c.Lead plate roofing0.901:16~ 1.801:8.23,701:4.0
~ 14.50[10]Temple of PortunusPorto~ 3rd c.Concrete with inner brick covering -~ 2.201:6.6
13.71[10]Mausoleum of Tor de' SchiaviVia Prenestina4th c.0.601:232.601:5.3Four openings at dome's base
13.48[24]Domus AureaRome1st c.Cloister vault,OctagonConcrete5.991:2.3First dome with octagonal plan; earliest in palace architecture[24]
13.35[10]Mausoleum of DiocletianSplit~ 300Brick,Tiled roof0.681:203.40 [11]1:3.9Double-walled dome[13]
12.90[13]Chapel of Saint AquilinoMilan4th c.Brick
12.33[27]Tempio della TosseTivoli4th c.Concrete with brick ribs1.301:92.081:5.92.101:5.9
~ 12.00[20]Hadrian's Villa,Summer Triclinium (Exedra)Tivoli2nd c.Concrete with inner brick covering
~ 12.00[18]Baths of Aquae FlavianaeEl Hammam3rd c.Clay pipesLargest dome of the world out of ceramic hollowware
~ 12.00[16]Church of HodegetriaConstantinople5th c.Hexagon
~ 12.00[16]SkeuophylakionConstantinople~ 5th c.Dodecagon
11.90[10]BaptisteryNocera SuperioreCampania6th c.Eight rectangular dome windows
~ 11.90[28]Hadrian's Villa,'Heliocaminus'Tivoli2nd c.Double-walled dome with spacing for ceiling heating[28]
11.50[29]Red BasilicaPergamon~ 2nd c.BrickTwo Rotunda; largest brick dome of the world
11.50[27]Santa CostanzaRome4th c.Concrete with brick ribs,Tiled roof directly resting on dome shell~ 0.701:161.451:7.9Tambour[30]
~ 11.50[16]Mor Gabriel MonasteryTur Abdin6th c.Brickyes
11.47[27]PraetoriumCologne4th c.Octagon -2.00 [11]1:5.7
11.10[27]Gordian's VillaRome,Via Prenestina3rd c.Octagon -~ 1.35 [11]1:8.2Preliminary form of the pendentive dome;[21] eight openings at dome's base
11.00[5]Therme d’Allance??
~ 10.80[27]Mausoleum of GallienRome,Via Appia3rd c.Rotunda with six niches -~ 1.601:6.8
10.70[27]Mausoleum of CentocelleCentcelles,near Tarragona4th c.Brick and stone~ 0.401:27~ 1.901:5.6
~ 10.40 to~ 9.40 [25]Hadrian's Villa,small bathsTivoli2nd c.Elliptical dome with wavelike rim
~ 10.00[25]Gordian's Villa,HallVia Prenestina~ 2nd c.
~ 10.00[26]Villa delle VignacceVia Latina2nd c.Ceramic amphora at dome's baseEarliest known use of amphora at dome's base[26]
9.85[18]Cathedral,BaptisteryRavenna5th c.
9.50[31]Rotunda of St. George, SofiaSofiaearly 4th c.RotundaBuilt by the Romans in the 4th century, it is a cylindrical domed structure built on a square base.
~ 9.50[21]Hadrian's Villa,Piazza d'Oro (vestibule)Tivoli2nd c.Umbrella dome~ 1,901:5.0
~ 9.50[19]Praetextat catacomb,'Calventier tomb'Rome3rd c.Rotunda with six niches
~ 9.00[15]Capito Thermae,LaconicumMiletus1st c.Concrete
~ 9.00[16]Small RoundtempleBaalbek3rd c.
~ 8.50[19]Domus AugustanaRome1st c.Cloister vault,OctagonOne of the earliest cloister vaults with octagonal curtain walls[19]
8.10[27]Torraccio del PalombaroRome,Via Appia~ 4th c.~ 0.901:92,301:3.5~ 1.501:5.4
~ 7.70[21]Baths of MaxentiusRome4th c.Umbrella dome,Octagon
7.60[5]Domus FlaviaRome1st c.
~ 7.60 to~ 6.20 [19]Hadrian's Villa,'Heliocaminus'?2nd c.Cloister vault,Uneven octagon
~ 6.80[16]NymphaeumRiza,Epirus~ 250-350Dodecagon
~ 6.75[21]Temple of Venus,Annex buildingBaiae2nd c.Flat umbrella dome,Octagon
6.65[22]Hall of Thermae Pisa?~ 2nd c.Cloister vault with eight windows,Octagon2.001:3.3
6.52[24]Stabian Thermae,LaconicumPompeii1st c. BCCone vault (early form of the dome)ConcreteyesOldest known concrete domes[24]
~ 6.00[18]Hunting ThermaeLeptis Magna~ 200Cloister vault with eight windows
5.86[18]Arch of Marcus AureliusTripoli?Cloister vaultVoussoir
~ 5.70[10]Water CastellumPompeii30 BC-14 ADFlat dome
5.40[21]Octagon near 'Temple of Mercury'Baiae2nd c.Umbrella dome,Octagon
~ 5.40[13]San Vitale,Stair towersRavenna6th c.Brick
5.20[16]Sedia del Diavolo,TombRome,Via Nomentana2nd c.Square
~ 4.70[19]TabulariumRome1st c. BCCloister vault,SquareEarliest cloister vault[16]
4.41[25]Temple of Venus,Annex buildingBaiae2nd c.Umbrella dome above circular ground plan0.591:7.5
~ 4.40[32]Mausoleum of Galla PlacidiaRavenna5th c.Tiled roof
~ 4.00[10]Tomb at Casal de' PazziRome,Via Nomentana2nd c.In-circle dome,SquareConcretePreform of pendentive dome;[10] hollow space system
1.65[24]Villa of the Mysteries,LaconicumPompeii1st c. BCCone vault (early form of the dome)Brick and clay (upper calotte)Concrete wall shell[33]
?[19]Mausoleum of Constantine at the Church of the Holy ApostlesConstantinople4th c.Presumably Rotunda with twelve niches

Half-domes

Diameter ⌀Name,PartLocationBuiltShape of dome,Ground planMaterial,Roof constructionShellthickness (ST)ST to ⌀Curtain wallthickness (CWT)CWT to ⌀Comments/Other characteristics
~ 30.00[6]Baths of TrajanRome?Largest dome(s) of the world
~ 22.00[6]Baths of Diocletian,Two apse hallsRome~ 300
~ 18.50[6]Trajan's ForumRome?
~ 15.80[18]Santi Cosma e Damiano,ApseRome6th c.
~ 11.00[15]NymphaeumJerash2nd c.Concrete
~ 9.60[15]Basilica,ApseBostra~ 3rd c.Concrete, inside covered with ashlar
~ 8.00[15]Cathedral,Annex roomsBostra6th c.Concrete
~ 5.70[13]Pantheon,Front nichesRome2nd c.

See also

References

  1. 12Rasch 1985, p. 117
  2. ↑Buildner. "How Roman architecture influenced modern architecture". architecturecompetitions.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  3. ↑Lechtman & Hobbs 1986
  4. 12Mark & Hutchinson 1986, p. 24
  5. 1234Heinle & Schlaich 1996, p. 27
  6. 1234Rasch 1985, p. 119
  7. ↑Romanconcrete.com
  8. ↑Müller 2005, p. 253
  9. ↑Bishop 1977, p. 92
  10. 123456789101112131415Rasch 1985, p. 129
  11. 1234Corner
  12. 12Pillar
  13. 12345Rasch 1985, p. 123
  14. 12Heinz 1983, pp. 60–64
  15. 123456Rasch 1985, p. 125
  16. 1234567891011Rasch 1985, p. 126
  17. ↑Schäfke 1985, pp. 100 & 118
  18. 123456789Rasch 1985, p. 124
  19. 1234567Rasch 1985, p. 127
  20. 12Rasch 1985, p. 138
  21. 123456789Rasch 1985, p. 130
  22. 12345Rasch 1985, p. 136
  23. ↑Mark & Hutchinson 1986, p. 33
  24. 123456Rasch 1985, p. 118
  25. 1234Rasch 1985, p. 133
  26. 123Rasch 1985, p. 135
  27. 1234567Rasch 1985, p. 128
  28. 12Rasch 1985, p. 139
  29. ↑Rasch 1985, p. 137
  30. ↑Rasch 1985, p. 120
  31. ↑"Rotunda St. George, Sofia City". bulgariatravel.org. Archived from the original on 2014-05-20.
  32. ↑Rasch 1985, p. 134
  33. ↑Rasch 1985, p. 122

Sources

Main source
  • Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion", Architectura, vol. 15, pp. 117–139
Further sources
  • Bishop, John (1977), "The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny (Review)", Art Journal, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 92
  • Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996), Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-03062-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Heinz, Werner (1983), Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich, München, pp. 60–64, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lechtman, Heather; Hobbs, Linn (1986), "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution. Ceramics and Civilization", in Kingery, W. D. (ed.), High Technology Ceramics: Past, Present, Future, vol. 3, American Ceramics Society
  • Mark, Robert; Hutchinson, Paul (1986), "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 24–34, doi:10.2307/3050861, JSTOR 3050861
  • Müller, Werner (2005), dtv-Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz (14th ed.), München, ISBN 3-423-03020-8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Schäfke, Werner (1985), Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Ausstattung, Geschichte (5th ed.), Köln, ISBN 3-7701-1360-8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)