قائمة طيور بريطانيا العظمى

تضم هذه القائمة جميع أنواع الطيور المسجلة في بريطانيا العظمى في بيئتها الطبيعية . وهي تتبع القائمة البريطانية الرسمية التي يحتفظ بها اتحاد علماء الطيور البريطاني ( BOU). ^[¹^] تُنشر القرارات المتعلقة بالقائمة البريطانية من قِبل لجنة سجلات اتحاد علماء الطيور البريطاني (BOURC) في تقاريرها السنوية في مجلة الاتحاد " إيبس " . كانت هذه التقارير سابقًا جغرافية وتشمل جميع الجزر البريطانية، ولكن تُنشر الآن سجلات جمهورية أيرلندا وأيرلندا الشمالية من قِبل جمعيات علم الطيور الخاصة بهما. أما سجلات جزيرة مان، فتُراجعها جمعية مانكس لعلم الطيور. ^[²^]

أنواع الطيور المدرجة في القائمة البريطانية هي تلك المصنفة ضمن فئات BOU A أو B أو C:

أ: الأنواع التي تم تسجيلها في حالة طبيعية على ما يبدو مرة واحدة على الأقل منذ 1 يناير 1950.
ب: الأنواع التي تم تسجيلها في حالة طبيعية على ما يبدو مرة واحدة على الأقل بين 1 يناير 1800 و31 ديسمبر 1949، ولكن لم يتم تسجيلها بعد ذلك.
ج: الأنواع التي، على الرغم من أنها أُدخلت في الأصل بواسطة البشر، سواء عن عمد أو عن طريق الخطأ، إلا أنها أنشأت مجموعات تكاثر مشتقة من سلالات مُدخلة، والتي تحافظ على نفسها دون اللجوء الضروري إلى مزيد من الإدخال.

يمكن إدراج الطيور في أكثر من فئة واحدة: على سبيل المثال، لدى الإوز الكندي عدد كبير من الطيور الدخيلة، ولكن كان هناك أيضًا عدد قليل من الطيور المهاجرة التي ظهرت بشكل طبيعي، والنسر ذو الذيل الأبيض هو نوع أصلي يخضع أيضًا لمشروع إعادة توطين مستمر، لذلك فإن كلا النوعين يستوفيان معايير الفئتين أ و ج.

تُستخدم الفئتان D و E (غير المدرجتين هنا) لأغراض حفظ السجلات فقط، ولا يتم تضمين الأنواع الموجودة في هذه الفئات في القائمة البريطانية:

د: الأنواع التي قد تظهر في الفئتين أ أو ب باستثناء وجود شك معقول في أنها قد ظهرت في حالة طبيعية.
هـ: الأنواع التي تم تسجيلها على أنها أنواع دخيلة أو منقولة أو هاربة من الأسر، والتي لا يُعتقد أن مجموعات التكاثر الخاصة بها (إن وجدت) قادرة على الاكتفاء الذاتي.

يجري تجميع فئة أخرى (غير مدرجة هنا):

F: الأنواع المسجلة قبل عام 1800، بما في ذلك الأنواع الأحفورية. ^{[ 3 ]}

اعتبارًا من 13 أغسطس 2024، كان هناك 641 نوعًا من الطيور في القائمة البريطانية، وآخر إضافة هي طائر النوء الزيتوني الغربي في 20-21 أكتوبر 2023. ^{[ 4 ]} تم تضمين خمس مجموعات من الأنواع (الطيور التي لم يتم تحديدها على مستوى الأنواع) في ملحق تعديل ديسمبر 2023 - طائر النوء العملاق الجنوبي/الشمالي ( Macronectes giganteus / halli )، Fea's/Desertas طائر النوء ( Pterodroma feae / desertas )، وطائر النوء العاصف ذو البطن السوداء/البيضاء ( Fregetta tropica/grallaria )، والسكوا القطبية البنية/الجنوبية ( Stercorarius antarctica/maccormickii )، والقبرة الآسيوية/المتوسطية/التركستانية قصيرة الأصابع ( Alaudala cheleensis / rufescens / heinei ). هناك عدد من الأنواع الإضافية التي تنتظر النظر فيها من قبل لجنة سجلات اتحاد علماء الطيور البريطانيين .

الأنواع المدرجة في هذه الصفحة على أنها "نادرة" هي تلك التي تتطلب وصفًا كاملاً لقبول تسجيلها من قبل لجنة الطيور النادرة البريطانية . أما الأنواع الأخرى، فيُشار فيها إلى حالة تكاثرها وشتائها في بريطانيا العظمى.

بشكل عام، تتشابه طيور بريطانيا مع طيور بقية أوروبا. وبفضل شتائها المعتدل، تضم بريطانيا العظمى أعدادًا كبيرة من الطيور الشتوية، لا سيما البط والإوز والبجع . كما يوجد عدد من الأنواع، مثل طائر المحار ، التي تستوطن جزيرة بريطانيا العظمى، بينما تهاجر إلى أماكن أخرى. وتستقبل بريطانيا عددًا من الطيور المهاجرة من آسيا وأمريكا الشمالية. بعض أنواع النوارس والبط والطيور الخواضة الأمريكية شائعة بما يكفي لعدم اعتبارها نادرة، بما في ذلك نورس ذو المنقار الحلقي ، وبط البحر الأسود ، والزقزاق الصدري . يوجد طائر واحد مستوطن في بريطانيا العظمى، وهو طائر الكروسبيل الاسكتلندي ، على الرغم من أن تصنيفه كنوع غير مؤكد ومثير للجدل؛ ^[⁵^]^[⁶^] أما طائر التدرج الأحمر فهو شبه مستوطن، إذ يوجد فقط في بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا المجاورة .

البط والإوز والبجع

الرتبة: الإوزيات، العائلة: البطيات

البجع والبط والإوز طيور متوسطة إلى كبيرة الحجم، تتكيف مع الحياة المائية بفضل أقدامها المكففة ومناقيرها المسطحة بدرجات متفاوتة. في كثير من أنواع البط، يكون الذكر زاهي الألوان بينما الأنثى بنية باهتة. يتكون غذاؤها من مجموعة متنوعة من الحيوانات والنباتات . تنتشر هذه الفصيلة بكثرة في بريطانيا، وخاصة في فصل الشتاء عندما تزورها أعداد كبيرة من غرينلاند واسكندنافيا وروسيا .

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
إوزة برنت ( Branta bernicle )	أ - زائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 7 ]}
الإوزة ذات الصدر الأحمر ( Branta ruficollis )	أ - متجول نادر	VU ^{[ 8 ]}
الإوز الكندي ( Branta canadensis )	أ و ج – مجموعة سكانية مقيمة، وبعض الطيور البرية المتجولة	LC ^{[ 9 ]}
إوزة البرنقيل ( Branta leucopsis )	أ و ج – السكان الوافدون والمقيمون في فصل الشتاء	LC ^{[ 10 ]}
الإوزة الضاحكة ( Branta hutchinsii )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 11 ]}
إوزة روس ( Anser rossii )	أ - زائر نادر ^{[ 12 ]}	LC ^{[ 13 ]}
أوزة الثلج ( Anser caerulescens )	أ و ج - بعض الحيوانات البرية المتجولة، بالإضافة إلى مجموعة صغيرة جدًا من الحيوانات البرية الدخيلة	LC ^{[ 14 ]}
الإوز الرمادي ( أنسر أنسر )	أ و ج – مجموعات برية ومتوحشة مقيمة، زائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 15 ]}
أوزة فاصوليا التايغا ( Anser fabalis )	أ - زائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 16 ]}
الإوزة ذات القدم الوردية ( Anser brachyrhynchus )	أ - زائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 17 ]}
إوزة فول التندرا ( Anser srrirostris )	أ - زائر شتوي
الإوزة ذات الجبهة البيضاء ( Anser albifrons )	أ - زائر شتوي	VU ^{[ 18 ]}
الإوزة ذات الجبهة البيضاء الصغيرة ( Anser erythropus )	أ - متجول نادر	VU ^{[ 19 ]}
البجعة الأخرس ( Cygnus olor )	أ و ج – أنواع التكاثر المقيمة	LC ^{[ 20 ]}
بجعة بيويك ( Cygnus columbianus )	أ - زائر شتوي	VU ^{[ 21 ]}
البجعة الوبرية ( Cygnus cygnus )	أ - زائر شتوي ومتكاثر عرضي	LC ^{[ 22 ]}
الإوز المصري ( الألوبوشين aegyptiaca )	ج - السكان الأصليون الوافدون	LC ^{[ 23 ]}
بطة الشهرمان ( Tadorna tadorna )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 24 ]}
بطة الشهرمان ( Tadorna ferruginea )	ب - يُفترض أن العديد من السجلات منذ عام 1946 تعود إلى حيوانات برية أو هاربة من الأسر	LC ^{[ 25 ]}
البط الماندرين ( Aix galericulata )	ج - السكان الأصليون الوافدون	LC ^{[ 26 ]}
بايكال البط البري ( سيبيريونيتا فورموزا )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 27 ]}
جارجاني ( ملعقة querquedula )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	LC ^{[ 28 ]}
البط ذو الجناح الأزرق ( Spatula discors )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 29 ]}
طائر المجرفة ( Spatula clypeata )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 30 ]}
بطة الغادوال ( ماريكا ستريبيرا )	أ و ج – مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 31 ]}
البط المنجلي ( ماريكا فالكاتا )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 32 ]}
بطة الحمام ( ماريكا بينيلوب )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 33 ]}
البط الأمريكي ( Mareca americana )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 34 ]}
مالارد ( أنس بلاتيرينخوس )	A & C – مربي مقيم، زائر شتوي، وإطلاقات متأقلمة	LC ^{[ 35 ]}
البط الأسود ( Anas rubripes )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 36 ]}
البط ذو الذيل المدبب ( Anas acuta )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 37 ]}
البط البري ( Anas crecca )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 38 ]}
البط ذو الجناح الأخضر ( أناس كارولينينسيس )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 39 ]}
البط ذو العرف الأحمر ( Netta rufina )	أ & ج – مهاجر نادر ومربي مُدخَل	LC ^{[ 40 ]}
نبات الكانفاسباك ( Aythya valisineria )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 41 ]}
ريد هيد ( Aythya americana )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 42 ]}
البطة ( Aythya ferina )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	VU ^{[ 43 ]}
البط الحديدي ( Aythya nyroca )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 44 ]}
البط ذو العنق الحلقي ( Aythya collaris )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 45 ]}
البط ذو الخصلة ( Aythya fuligula )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	NT ^{[ 46 ]}
الغطاس ( Aythya marila )	أ - زائر شتوي ومتكاثر عرضي	LC ^{[ 47 ]}
سكوب الصغرى ( أيثيا أفينيس )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 48 ]}
عيدر ستيلر ( Polysticta stelleri )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 49 ]}
ملك العيدر ( Somateria spectabilis )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 50 ]}
العيدر ( Somateria mollissima )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	EN ^{[ 51 ]}
بطة هارلكوين ( Histrionicus histrionicus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 52 ]}
بطة البحر ( Melanitta perspicillata )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 53 ]}
سكوتر مخملي ( ميلانيتا فوسكا )	أ - زائر شتوي	VU ^{[ 54 ]}
البطة السوداء ذات الأجنحة البيضاء ( Melanitta deglandi )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 55 ]}
سكوتر ستينيجر ( ميلانيتا ستينيجيري )	أ - طائر مهاجر نادر، تم تسجيله لأول مرة في عام 2022 ^{[ 56 ]}	LC ^{[ 57 ]}
البط الأسود الشائع ( Melanitta nigra )	أ - زائر عابر وزائر شتوي، ومتكاثر نادر	LC ^{[ 58 ]}
البط الأسود ( ميلانيتا أمريكانا )	أ - متجول نادر	NT ^{[ 59 ]}
البط طويل الذيل ( Clangula hyemalis )	أ - زائر شتوي ومتكاثر عرضي	LC ^{[ 60 ]}
البوفلهيد ( Bucephala albeola )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 61 ]}
العين الذهبية ( Bucephala clangula )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 62 ]}
طائر العين الذهبية بارو ( Bucephala islandica )	أ - متجول نادر	NT ^{[ 63 ]}
سميو ( Mergellus albellus )	أ - زائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 64 ]}
البط الغواص المقنع ( Lophodytes cucullatus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 65 ]}
جوساندر ( ميرجوس ميرجانسر )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 66 ]}
البط الغواص أحمر الصدر ( Mergus serrator )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	NT ^{[ 67 ]}
البط الأحمر ( Oxyura jamaicensis )	ج - الأنواع الدخيلة الخاضعة حاليًا لبرنامج استئصال	LC ^{[ 68 ]}

طيور التدرج، والطيور البرية، وما شابهها

الرتبة: الدجاجيات، العائلة: التدرجية

هذه أنواع برية، تتغذى وتبني أعشاشها على الأرض. وهي متفاوتة الأحجام، لكنها عموماً ممتلئة الجسم، ذات أجنحة عريضة وقصيرة نسبياً. أُدخل أربعة منها لأغراض الصيد أو الزينة، لكن اثنين منها انقرضا الآن.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر التدرج الأحمر ( Lagopus scotica )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة
طائر التدرج ( Lagopus muta )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 69 ]}
كابيركايلي ( Tetrao urogallus )	ج - السكان المقيمون المعاد توطينهم	LC ^{[ 70 ]}
طائر التدرج الأسود ( Lyrurus tetrix )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 71 ]}
الحجل الرمادي ( Perdix perdix )	أ و ج - مربي طيور الصيد المقيم والمستورد	LC ^{[ 72 ]}
الدراج الذهبي ( Chrysolophus pictus )	ج – السكان الذين تم إدخالهم سابقًا، انقرضوا الآن ^{[ 73 ]}	LC ^{[ 74 ]}
طائر التدرج ليدي أمهرست ( Chrysolophus amherstiae )	ج - السكان الذين تم إدخالهم سابقًا، والذين انقرضوا الآن	LC ^{[ 75 ]}
طائر التدرج ( Phasianus colchicus )	ج - السكان الأصليون الوافدون	LC ^{[ 76 ]}
السمان ( Coturnix coturnix )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	NT ^{[ 77 ]}
الحجل ذو الأرجل الحمراء ( Alectoris rufa )	ج - السكان الأصليون الوافدون	NT ^{[ 78 ]}

طيور الليل وحلفاؤها

الرتبة: كابريمولجيفورميس، العائلة: كابريمولجيداي

طيور السبد هي طيور ليلية متوسطة الحجم، تعشش عادةً على الأرض. تتميز بأجنحة طويلة، وأرجل قصيرة، ومناقير قصيرة جدًا. ريشها الناعم ذو ألوان مموهة تشبه لحاء الشجر أو أوراق الشجر.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر الليل الشائع ( Chordeiles minor )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 79 ]}
طائر السبد أحمر الرقبة ( Caprimulgus ruficollis )	ب – طائر متجول نادر (سجل واحد، 1856)	NT ^{[ 80 ]}
طائر السبد ( Caprimulgus europaeus )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	LC ^{[ 81 ]}
السبد المصري ( Caprimulgus aegyptius )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 82 ]}

طيور السنونو

الرتبة: أبوديفوميرات، العائلة: أبوديداي. طيور السنونو طيور صغيرة تقضي معظم حياتها في الطيران. تتميز هذه الطيور بأرجلها القصيرة جدًا، ولا تستقر على الأرض طواعيةً، بل تجثم فقط على الأسطح العمودية.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر الإبرة ذو الحلق الأبيض ( Hirundapus caudacutus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 83 ]}
طائر السنونو المدخني ( Chaetura pelagica )	أ - متجول نادر	VU ^{[ 84 ]}
طائر السنونو الألبي ( Tachymarptis melba )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 85 ]}
سويفت ( Apus apus )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	NT ^{[ 86 ]}
طائر السنونو الشاحب ( Apus pallidus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 87 ]}
المحيط الهادئ السريع ( أبو باسيفيكوس )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 88 ]}
السنونو الصغير ( Apus affinis )	أ - متجول نادر	NT ^{[ 89 ]}
طائر السنونو ذو الردف الأبيض ( Apus caffer )	أ - متجول نادر	NT ^{[ 90 ]}

طيور الحبارى

الرتبة: أوتيديفورميس، العائلة: أوتيديداي

طيور كبيرة وقوية البنية تعيش في السهول المفتوحة، ذات أرجل وأعناق طويلة وأقدام قوية. جميعها طيور نادرة.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
الحبارى الكبرى ( أوتيس تاردا )	أ - أنواع نادرة مهاجرة وأنواع مقيمة متكاثرة أعيد إدخالها مؤخرًا	LC ^{[ 91 ]}
طائر الحبارى ماكوين ( Chlamydotis macqueenii )	أ - طائر مهاجر نادر؛ سجل واحد فقط منذ عام 1950، في عام 1962	CR ^{[ 92 ]}
الحبارى الصغيرة ( Tetrax tetrax )	أ - متجول نادر	VU ^{[ 93 ]}

طيور الوقواق

الرتبة: الوقواقيات الشكل، العائلة: الوقواقيات

طيور متفاوتة الأحجام ذات أجسام نحيلة وذيول طويلة. بعض الأنواع معروفة بوضع بيضها في أعشاش طيور أخرى.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر الوقواق المرقط الكبير ( Clamator glandarius )	أ - متجول نادر	VU ^{[ 94 ]}
الوقواق ذو المنقار الأصفر ( Coccyzus americanus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 95 ]}
طائر الوقواق ذو المنقار الأسود ( Coccyzus erythropthalmus )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 96 ]}
طائر الوقواق ( Cuculus canorus )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	LC ^{[ 97 ]}

طائر القطا الرملي

الرتبة: بتيروكليفورميس، العائلة: بتيروكليداي

طيور قوية متوسطة الحجم ذات رأس صغير وأجنحة طويلة مدببة.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	صورة	حالة	حالة الحفظ
قطا بالاس ( Syrrhaptes paradoxus )		أ - طائر نادر متجول؛ وقد تكاثر	RE ^{[ 98 ]}

الحمام واليمام

الرتبة: الحماميات الشكل، العائلة: الحماميات

الحمام واليمام طيور ذات أجسام ممتلئة وأعناق قصيرة ومناقير قصيرة ونحيلة ذات غشاء لحمي . يوجد 344 نوعًا منها في جميع أنحاء العالم، سبعة منها في بريطانيا.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
حمامة الصخور أو الحمام البري ( كولومبا ليفيا )	أ و ج – مقيم؛ معظم الطيور من أصل بري؛ الطيور البرية في أقصى شمال وغرب اسكتلندا	LC ^{[ 99 ]}
حمامة الروم ( كولومبا أويناس )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 100 ]}
حمامة الخشب ( كولومبا بالومبوس )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 101 ]}
حمامة السلحفاة ( Streptopelia turtur )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر	VU ^{[ 102 ]}
حمامة السلحفاة الشرقية ( Streptopelia orientalis )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 103 ]}
حمامة مطوقة ( Streptopelia decaocto )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 104 ]}
حمامة الحداد ( Zenaida macroura )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 105 ]}

طيور المرعى، والدجاجات المائية، والغطاسات

الرتبة: Gruiformes العائلة: Rallidae

تستوطن هذه الطيور في الغالب المناطق ذات الغطاء النباتي الكثيف في البيئات الرطبة قرب البحيرات والمستنقعات والأنهار. كثير منها طيور خجولة ومنعزلة، مما يجعل رصدها صعباً. تمتلك معظم الأنواع أرجلاً قوية وأصابع طويلة تتكيف جيداً مع الأسطح الناعمة غير المستوية.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
مرعة الماء ( Rallus aquaticus )	أ - الأنواع المقيمة المتكاثرة والزائرة الشتوية	LC ^{[ 106 ]}
طائر الكركي ( Crex crex )	أ - زائر صيفي متكاثر، كان وفيراً في السابق، ولكنه نادر الآن	LC ^{[ 107 ]}
سكة حديد سورا ( بورزانا كارولينا )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 108 ]}
طائر الكركي المرقط ( Porzana porzana )	أ - زائر صيفي نادر التكاثر	LC ^{[ 109 ]}
دجاجة الماء ( جالينولا كلوروبوس )	أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 110 ]}
طائر الغرة ( Fulica atra )	أ - الأنواع المقيمة المتكاثرة والزائرة الشتوية	NT ^{[ 111 ]}
طائر الغرة الأمريكي ( Fulica americana )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 112 ]}
جالينول ألين ( بورفيريو أليني )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 113 ]}
الجالينول الأرجواني الأمريكي ( بورفيريو مارتينيكوس )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 114 ]}
المستنقع الغربي ^{[ 115 ]} ( بورفيريو بورفيريو )	أ - طائر نادر متجول؛ أول تسجيل له كان عام 2016	LC ^{[ 116 ]}
صدع بايون ( Zapornia pusilla )	أ - طائر متجول نادر، وقد تكاثر	LC ^{[ 117 ]}
كريك صغير ( زابورنيا بارفا )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 118 ]}

الرافعات

الرتبة: الكركيات، العائلة: الكركيات

الكركي طيور كبيرة الحجم، طويلة الأرجل والأعناق. وعلى عكس طيور البلشون التي تشبهها في الشكل ولكنها لا تربطها بها صلة قرابة، فإن الكركي يطير وأعناقه ممدودة، وليست مشدودة للخلف. ولدى معظمها عروض تزاوج أو "رقصات" متقنة وصاخبة.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	صورة	حالة	حالة الحفظ
كركي الرمل ( Antigone canadensis )		أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 119 ]}
الكركي ( Grus grus )		أ – أنواع مقيمة نادرة تتكاثر وأنواع مهاجرة عابرة	LC ^{[ 120 ]}

طيور الغطاس

الرتبة: Podicipedidae العائلة: Podicipedidae

الغطاسات طيور غوص صغيرة إلى متوسطة الحجم، ذات أصابع مفصصة ومناقير مدببة. تُشاهد بشكل رئيسي في المياه المنخفضة والسواحل. تتغذى على الحيوانات المائية وتبني أعشاشها على منصة عائمة من النباتات.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
غطاس صغير ( Tachybaptus ruficollis )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 121 ]}
غطاس ذو منقار مرقط ( Podilymbus podiceps )	أ - طائر مهاجر نادر؛ وقد تهجن مع طائر الغطاس الصغير مرة واحدة	LC ^{[ 122 ]}
غطاس أحمر الرقبة ( Podiceps grisegena )	أ - زائر شتوي؛ وقد تكاثر	VU ^{[ 123 ]}
غطاس متوج كبير ( Podiceps cristatus )	أ - مربي مقيم وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 124 ]}
غطاس سلافوني ( Podiceps auritus )	أ - طائر مقيم نادر التكاثر وزائر شتوي	NT ^{[ 125 ]}
غطاس أسود الرقبة ( Podiceps nigricollis )	أ - طائر مقيم نادر التكاثر وزائر شتوي	VU ^{[ 126 ]}

طيور الكروان الحجرية

الرتبة: الزقزاقيات الشكل، العائلة: البورينيداي

عائلة صغيرة من الطيور الخواضة متوسطة إلى كبيرة الحجم ذات مناقير سوداء قوية وعيون صفراء كبيرة وريش مموه.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	صورة	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر الكروان الحجري ( Burhinus oedicnemus )		أ - زائر صيفي نادر التكاثر	LC ^{[ 127 ]}

طيور المحار

الرتبة: الزقزاقيات الشكل، العائلة: الزقزاقيات ذات الأقدام الحمراء

طيور صائد المحار هي طيور خوض كبيرة الحجم، واضحة للعيان، وصاخبة، ذات مناقير قوية تستخدمها لسحق أو فتح الرخويات . يوجد أحد عشر نوعًا منها في جميع أنحاء العالم، أحدها في بريطانيا.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	صورة	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر المحار ( Haematopus ostralegus )		أ – الأنواع المقيمة المتكاثرة، والأنواع المهاجرة العابرة، والأنواع الزائرة الشتوية	NT ^{[ 128 ]}

ركائز خشبية وطيور أبو المغازل

الرتبة: الزقزاقيات الشكل، العائلة: الزقزاقيات المنتصبة

عائلة من الطيور الخواضة كبيرة الحجم نسبيًا. يتميز طائر أبو المغازل بأرجله الطويلة ومنقاره الطويل المنحني للأعلى. أما طائر الزقزاق فيتميز بأرجله الطويلة جدًا ومنقاره الطويل الرفيع المستقيم. يوجد عشرة أنواع منه في جميع أنحاء العالم، اثنان منها في بريطانيا.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	صورة	حالة	حالة الحفظ
طائر الزقزاق أسود الجناح ( Himantopus himantopus )		أ - مهاجر نادر ومتكاثر عرضي	LC ^{[ 129 ]}
أفوسيت ( ريكوفيروسترا أفوسيتا )		أ - الأنواع المتكاثرة المقيمة	LC ^{[ 130 ]}

طيور الزقزاق والزقزاق المجنح

الرتبة: الزقزاقيات الشكل، العائلة: الزقزاقيات

طيور خوض صغيرة إلى متوسطة الحجم ذات أجسام مدمجة، وأعناق قصيرة وسميكة، وأجنحة طويلة مدببة عادةً.

الأسماء الشائعة والأسماء الثنائية	حالة	حالة الحفظ
الزقزاق الرمادي ( Pluvialis squatarola )	أ - زائر شتوي ومهاجر عابر	LC ^{[ 131 ]}
الزقزاق الذهبي ( Pluvialis apricaria )	أ - مقيم متكاثر، مهاجر عابر، وزائر شتوي	LC ^{[ 132 ]}
زقزاق المحيط الهادئ الذهبي ( Pluvialis fulva )	أ - متجول نادر	LC ^{[ 133 ]}
الزقزاق الذهبي الأمريكي ( Pluvialis dominica )	أ - مهاجر نادر	LC ^{[ 134 ]}
طائر الزقزاق ( Eudromias morinellus )	أ - طائر مهاجر عابر وزائر صيفي للتكاثر	LC ^{[ 135 ]}
كيلدير ( شارادريوس صوتي )	أ - متجول نادر	NT ^{[ 136 ]}
Ringed plover(Charadrius hiaticula)	A – resident breeding species and passage and winter visitor	LC^[137]
Semipalmated plover(Charadrius semipalmatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[138]
Little ringed plover(Thinornis dubius)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[139]
Lapwing(Vanellus vanellus)	A – resident breeding species, passage migrant, and winter visitor	VU^[140]
Grey-headed lapwing(Vanellus cinereus)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded May 2023	LC^[141]
Sociable lapwing(Vanellus gregarius)	A – rare vagrant	CR^[142]
White-tailed lapwing(Vanellus leucurus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[143]
Caspian plover(Anarhynchus asiaticus)	A – rare vagrant	EN^[144]
Tibetan sand plover(Anarhynchus atrifrons)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[145]
Siberian sand plover(Anarhynchus mongolus)	A – rare vagrant	EN^[146]
Greater sand plover(Anarhynchus leschenaultii)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[147]
Kentish plover(Anarhynchus alexandrinus)	A – former breeder, now rare vagrant	LC^[148]

Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae

A large, diverse family of wading birds. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Upland sandpiper(Bartramia longicauda)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[149]
Whimbrel(Numenius phaeopus)	A – passage migrant and scarce breeding summer visitor in far north	LC^[150]
Hudsonian whimbrel(Numenius hudsonicus)	A – rare vagrant
Little whimbrel(Numenius minutus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[151]
Eskimo curlew(Numenius borealis)	B – extinct	CR^[152]
Curlew(Numenius arquata)	A – resident breeding species	NT^[153]
Bar-tailed godwit(Limosa lapponica)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[154]
Black-tailed godwit(Limosa limosa)	A – winter visitor, passage migrant and scarce summer breeding species	NT^[155]
Hudsonian godwit(Limosa haemastica)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[156]
Turnstone(Arenaria interpres)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[157]
Great knot(Calidris tenuirostris)	A – rare vagrant	EN^[158]
Knot(Calidris canutus)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[159]
Ruff(Calidris pugnax)	A – passage migrant and winter visitor, also a former scarce breeding resident	NT^[160]
Broad-billed sandpiper(Calidris falcinellus)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[161]
Sharp-tailed sandpiper(Calidris acuminata)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[162]
Stilt sandpiper(Calidris himantopus)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[163]
Curlew sandpiper(Calidris ferruginea)	A – passage migrant, rarely also wintering	VU^[164]
Temminck's stint(Calidris temminckii)	A – scarce passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[165]
Long-toed stint(Calidris subminuta)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[166]
Red-necked stint(Calidris ruficollis)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[167]
Sanderling(Calidris alba)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[168]
Dunlin(Calidris alpina)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant, scarce breeder	LC^[169]
Purple sandpiper(Calidris maritima)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[170]
Baird's sandpiper(Calidris bairdii)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[171]
Little stint(Calidris minuta)	A – passage migrant, rarely also wintering	LC^[172]
Least sandpiper(Calidris minutilla)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[173]
White-rumped sandpiper(Calidris fuscicollis)	A – scarce passage migrant	VU^[174]
Buff-breasted sandpiper(Calidris subruficollis)	A – scarce passage migrant	VU^[175]
Pectoral sandpiper(Calidris melanotos)	A – scarce passage migrant	LC^[176]
Semipalmated sandpiper(Calidris pusilla)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[177]
Western sandpiper(Calidris mauri)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[178]
Long-billed dowitcher(Limnodromus scolopaceus)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[179]
Short-billed dowitcher(Limnodromus griseus)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[180]
Woodcock(Scolopax rusticola)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[181]
Jack snipe(Lymnocryptes minimus)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[182]
Great snipe(Gallinago media)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[183]
Snipe(Gallinago gallinago)	A – resident breeding species and winter visitor	VU^[184]
Wilson's snipe(Gallinago delicata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[185]
Terek sandpiper(Xenus cinereus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[186]
Wilson's phalarope(Phalaropus tricolor)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[187]
Red-necked phalarope(Phalaropus lobatus)	A – winter visitor: scarce and localised summer breeding in far North	LC^[188]
Grey phalarope(Phalaropus fulicaria)	A – scarce winter visitor	LC^[189]
Common sandpiper(Actitis hypoleucos)	A – resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[190]
Spotted sandpiper(Actitis macularius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[191]
Green sandpiper(Tringa ochropus)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[192]
Solitary sandpiper(Tringa solitaria)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[193]
Grey-tailed tattler(Tringa brevipes)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[194]
Lesser yellowlegs(Tringa flavipes)	A – scarce migrant, formerly a rare vagrant^[195]	VU^[196]
Redshank(Tringa totanus)	A – resident breeding species	VU^[197]
Marsh sandpiper(Tringa stagnatilis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[198]
Wood sandpiper(Tringa glareola)	A – passage migrant and rare localised breeder in far North	LC^[199]
Spotted redshank(Tringa erythropus)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[200]
Greenshank(Tringa nebularia)	A – resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[201]
Greater yellowlegs(Tringa melanoleuca)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[202]

Pratincoles and coursers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae

A family of slender, long-winged wading birds.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Cream-coloured courser(Cursorius cursor)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[203]
Collared pratincole(Glareola pratincola)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[204]
Oriental pratincole(Glareola maldivarum)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[205]
Black-winged pratincole(Glareola nordmanni)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[206]

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae

Medium to large seabirds with grey, white and black plumage, webbed feet and strong bills. Many are opportunistic and adaptable feeders.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Kittiwake(Rissa tridactyla)	A – breeding summer visitor and resident species	VU^[207]
Ivory gull(Pagophila eburnea)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[208]
Sabine's gull(Xema sabini)	A – scarce winter visitor	LC^[209]
Slender-billed gull(Chroicocephalus genei)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[210]
Bonaparte's gull(Chroicocephalus philadelphia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[211]
Black-headed gull(Chroicocephalus ridibundus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[212]
Little gull(Hydrocoloeus minutus)	A – winter visitor, occasional breeder	LC^[213]
Ross's gull(Rhodostethia rosea)	A – rare vagrant	EN^[214]
Laughing gull(Leucophaeus atricilla)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[215]
Franklin's gull(Leucophaeus pipixcan)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[216]
Audouin's gull(Ichthyaetus audouinii)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[217]
Mediterranean gull(Ichthyaetus melanocephalus)	A – breeding summer visitor, and resident in south.	LC^[218]
Great black-headed gull(Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus)	B – rare vagrant (one record, 1859)	LC^[219]
Common gull(Larus canus)	A – resident breeding species, winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[220]
Ring-billed gull(Larus delawarensis)	A – scarce winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[221]
Great black-backed gull(Larus marinus)	A – resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[222]
Kelp gull(Larus dominicanus)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2022^[223]^[224]	LC^[225]
Glaucous-winged gull(Larus glaucescens)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[226]
Glaucous gull(Larus hyperboreus)	A – winter visitor; has bred	LC^[227]
Iceland gull(Larus glaucoides)	A – scarce winter visitor	LC^[228]
European herring gull(Larus argentatus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[229]
American herring gull(Larus smithsonianus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[230]
Caspian gull(Larus cachinnans)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[231]
Yellow-legged gull(Larus michahellis)	A – scarce visitor and passage migrant; has bred^[232]	LC^[233]
Slaty-backed gull(Larus schistisagus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[234]
Lesser black-backed gull(Larus fuscus)	A – resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[235]
Gull-billed tern(Gelochelidon nilotica)	A – rare vagrant; has bred	LC^[236]
Caspian tern(Hydroprogne caspia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[237]
Royal tern(Thalasseus maximus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[238]
Lesser crested tern(Thalasseus bengalensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[239]
Sandwich tern(Thalasseus sandvicensis)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[240]
Cabot's tern(Thalasseus acuflavida)	A – rare vagrant
Elegant tern(Thalasseus elegans)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[241]
Little tern(Sternula albifrons)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[242]
Least tern(Sternula antillarum)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[243]
Aleutian tern(Onychoprion aleutica)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[244]
Bridled tern(Onychoprion anaethetus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[245]
Sooty tern(Onychoprion fuscata)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[246]
Roseate tern(Sterna dougallii)	A – scarce breeding summer visitor	LC^[247]
Common tern(Sterna hirundo)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[248]
Arctic tern(Sterna paradisaea)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[249]
Forster's tern(Sterna forsteri)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[250]
Whiskered tern(Chlidonias hybridus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[251]
White-winged black tern(Chlidonias leucopterus)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[252]
Black tern(Chlidonias niger)	A – passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[253]

Skuas

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae

Medium to large seabirds with mainly grey or brown plumage, sharp claws and a hooked tip to the bill. They chase other seabirds to force them to drop their catches.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
South polar skua(Stercorarius maccormicki)	A – rare vagrant^[254]	LC^[255]
Great skua(Stercorarius skua)	A – passage migrant and localised summer breeder	LC^[256]
Pomarine skua(Stercorarius pomarinus)	A – passage migrant	LC^[257]
Arctic skua(Stercorarius parasiticus)	A – passage migrant and localised summer breeder	EN^[258]
Long-tailed skua(Stercorarius longicaudus)	A – passage migrant	LC^[259]

Auks, murres, and puffins

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae

A family of seabirds which are superficially similar to penguins, with their black-and-white colours, upright posture and some of their habits, but which are able to fly.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Little auk(Alle alle)	A – rare winter visitor	LC^[260]
Brünnich's guillemot(Uria lomvia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[261]
Common guillemot(Uria aalge)	A – breeding summer visitor and resident species	LC^[262]
Razorbill(Alca torda)	A – breeding summer visitor and resident species	LC^[263]
Great auk(Pinguinus impennis)	B – extinct	EX^[264]
Black guillemot(Cepphus grylle)	A – resident localised breeding species	LC^[265]
Long-billed murrelet(Brachyramphus perdix)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[266]
Ancient murrelet(Synthliboramphus antiquus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[267]
Puffin(Fratercula arctica)	A – breeding summer visitor	EN^[268]
Tufted puffin(Fratercula cirrhata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[269]

Tropicbirds

Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Red-billed tropicbird(Phaethon aethereus)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[270]

Divers

Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae

Divers are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. They swim well and fly adequately but are almost helpless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. They feed on fish and other aquatic animals.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Red-throated diver(Gavia stellata)	A – resident breeder and winter visitor	LC^[271]
Black-throated diver(Gavia arctica)	A – resident breeder and winter visitor	LC^[272]
Pacific diver(Gavia pacifica)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[273]
Great northern diver(Gavia immer)	A – winter visitor; has bred	LC^[274]
White-billed diver(Gavia adamsii)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[275]

Southern storm petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae

The southern storm petrels are the smallest seabirds, feeding on plankton and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. They nest in colonies on the ground, most often in burrows.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Wilson's storm petrel(Oceanites oceanicus)		A – rare vagrant, more regularly seen well offshore	LC^[276]
White-faced storm petrel(Pelagodroma marina)		A – rare vagrant	EN^[277]

Albatrosses

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae

The albatrosses are among the largest flying birds, with long, narrow wings for gliding. The majority are found in the Southern Hemisphere with only vagrants occurring in the North Atlantic.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Black-browed albatross(Thalassarche melanophris)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[278]
Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross(Thalassarche chlororhynchos)		A – rare vagrant	EN^[279]

Northern storm petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae

The northern storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, feeding on plankton and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. They nest in colonies on the ground, most often in burrows.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Storm petrel(Hydrobates pelagicus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[280]
Swinhoe's petrel(Hydrobates monorhis)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[281]
Leach's petrel(Hydrobates leucorhous)	A – breeding summer visitor	VU^[282]
Madeiran petrel(Hydrobates castro)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2021, with a geotagged bird from a Tenerife breeding colony entering UK waters about 285 km southwest of Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly	LC^[283]

Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae

These are highly pelagic birds with long, narrow wings and tube-shaped nostrils. They feed at sea on fish, squid and other marine life. They come to land to breed in colonies, nesting in burrows or on cliffs.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Fulmar(Fulmarus glacialis)	A – resident and migrant breeder, passage migrant	VU^[284]
Soft-plumaged petrel(Pterodroma mollis)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2021	LC^[285]
Zino's petrel(Pterodroma madeira)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2020^[286]^[287]	EN^[288]
Black-capped petrel(Pterodroma hasitata)	B – rare vagrant	EN^[289]
White-chinned petrel(Procellaria aequinoctialis)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2020	VU^[290]
Scopoli's shearwater(Calonectris diomedea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[291]
Cory's shearwater(Calonectris borealis)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[292]
Sooty shearwater(Ardenna grisea)	A – passage migrant	NT^[293]
Great shearwater(Ardenna gravis)	A – passage migrant	LC^[294]
Manx shearwater(Puffinus puffinus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[295]
Yelkouan shearwater(Puffinus yelkouan)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[296]
Balearic shearwater(Puffinus mauretanicus)	A – passage migrant	CR^[297]
Barolo shearwater(Puffinus baroli)	A – rare vagrant

Storks

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They fly with the neck extended.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Black stork(Ciconia nigra)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[298]
White stork(Ciconia ciconia)		A – scarce migrant, formerly bred. Birds from a reintroduced population bred at Knepp Wildland in 2020.	LC^[299]

Frigatebirds

Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have red inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Ascension frigatebird(Fregata aquila)		A – rare vagrant	VU^[300]
Magnificent frigatebird(Fregata magnificens)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[301]

Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae

Gannets are large seabirds that plunge-dive for fish and nest in large colonies. They have a torpedo-shaped body, long, narrow, pointed wings and a fairly long tail. There are ten species worldwide with three in Britain.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Gannet(Morus bassanus)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage migrant	LC^[302]
Red-footed booby(Sula sula)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[303]
Brown booby(Sula leucogaster)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2019^[304]	LC^[305]

Cormorants and shag

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium to large aquatic birds with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked for catching fish and aquatic invertebrates. They nest in colonies by water, usually by the sea or on the banks of rivers.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[306]
Shag(Gulosus aristotelis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[307]
Double-crested cormorant(Nannopterum auritum)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[308]

Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae

A family of long-legged, long-necked wading birds. Ibises have long, curved bills. Spoonbills have a flattened bill, wider at the tip.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Glossy ibis(Plegadis falcinellus)		A – scarce migrant, formerly a rare vagrant;^[195] has bred^[309]	LC^[310]
Spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia)		A – scarce migrant, recently bred	LC^[311]

Bitterns, herons and egrets

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae

Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more secretive. They all fly with their necks retracted. The sharp bill is used to catch fish, amphibians and other animals. Many species nest in colonies, often in trees. There are 64 species worldwide and 15 in Britain.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Bittern(Botaurus stellaris)	A – resident breeding species and winter migrant	LC^[312]
American bittern(Botaurus lentiginosus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[313]
Least bittern(Botaurus exilis)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2022^[314]^[224]	LC^[315]
Little bittern(Botaurus minutus)	A – scarce migrant, recently bred	LC^[316]
Night-heron(Nycticorax nycticorax)	A – scarce migrant, has bred	LC^[317]
Green heron(Butorides virescens)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[318]
Squacco heron(Ardeola ralloides)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[319]
Chinese pond heron(Ardeola bacchus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[320]
Cattle egret(Ardea ibis)	A – scarce but increasing breeding resident	LC^[321]
Grey heron(Ardea cinerea)	A – resident breeding species and winter migrant	LC^[322]
Great blue heron(Ardea herodias)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[323]
Purple heron(Ardea purpurea)	A – scarce migrant, recently bred	LC^[324]
Great white egret(Ardea alba)	A – resident breeding species, first bred 2012	LC^[325]
Snowy egret(Egretta thula)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[326]
Little egret(Egretta garzetta)	A – resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[327]

Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Dalmatian pelican(Pelecanus crispus)		A – very rare migrant^[328]	LC^[329]

Osprey

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae

A large fish-eating bird of prey belonging to a family of its own. It is mainly brown above and white below with long, angled wings.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Osprey(Pandion haliaetus)		A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[330]

Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae

A family of birds of prey which includes hawks, buzzards, eagles, kites and harriers. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Black-winged Kite(Elanus caeruleus)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded April 2023	LC^[331]
Egyptian vulture(Neophron percnopterus)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[332]
Honey-buzzard(Pernis apivorus)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage migrant	LC^[333]
Short-toed eagle(Circaetus gallicus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[334]
Spotted eagle(Clanga clanga)	B – rare vagrant; last record 1915	VU^[335]
Booted eagle(Hieraaetus pennatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[336]
Golden eagle(Aquila chrysaetos)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[337]
Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus)	A – resident breeder and passage migrant	LC^[338]
Goshawk(Accipiter gentilis)	A & C – resident breeder and naturalised escapes	LC^[339]
Marsh harrier(Circus aeruginosus)	A – resident breeder and passage migrant	LC^[340]
Hen harrier(Circus cyaneus)	A – resident breeder, winter visitor and passage migrant	LC^[341]
Northern harrier(Circus hudsonius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[342]
Pallid harrier(Circus macrourus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[343]
Montagu's harrier(Circus pygargus)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage migrant	LC^[344]
Red kite(Milvus milvus)	A & C – resident breeder and widespread introductions	LC^[345]
Black kite(Milvus migrans)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[346]
White-tailed eagle(Haliaeetus albicilla)	A & C – resident breeder; reintroduction projects underway and ongoing	LC^[347]
Rough-legged buzzard(Buteo lagopus)	A – winter visitor	LC^[348]
Buzzard(Buteo buteo)	A – resident breeder and passage migrant	LC^[349]
Long-legged Buzzard(Buteo rufinus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[350]

Barn owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Western barn owl(Tyto alba)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[351]

Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disc.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Tengmalm's owl(Aegolius funereus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[352]
Little owl(Athene noctua)	C – resident introduced population	LC^[353]
Hawk owl(Surnia ulula)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[354]
Scops owl(Otus scops)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[355]
Long-eared owl(Asio otus)	A – scarce resident breeding species	LC^[356]
Short-eared owl(Asio flammeus)	A – resident breeding species or winter visitor	LC^[357]
Snowy owl(Bubo scandiacus)	A – rare vagrant; has bred Shetland Islands	LC^[358]
Tawny owl(Strix aluco)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[359]

Hoopoe

Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae

A small family with a long curved bills, crests and black-and-white striped wings and tails.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Eurasian hoopoe(Upupa epops)		A – scarce summer visitor, occasional breeder	LC^[360]

Rollers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae

A small family of colourful, medium-sized birds with a crow-like shape that feed mainly on insects.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
European roller(Coracias garrulus)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[361]

Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Kingfisher(Alcedo atthis)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[362]
Belted kingfisher(Megaceryle alcyon)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[363]

Bee-eaters

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae

A group of near-passerine birds characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail-feathers.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Blue-cheeked bee-eater(Merops persicus)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[364]
Bee-eater(Merops apiaster)		A – scarce summer visitor; occasional breeder	LC^[365]

Woodpeckers

Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Wryneck(Jynx torquilla)	A – rare passage migrant; occasional breeder	LC^[366]
Yellow-bellied sapsucker(Sphyrapicus varius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[367]
Lesser spotted woodpecker(Dryobates minor)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[368]
Great spotted woodpecker(Dendrocopos major)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[369]
Green woodpecker(Picus viridis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[370]

Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae

A family of small to medium-sized, diurnal birds of prey with pointed wings. They do not build their own nests and mainly catch prey in the air.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Lesser kestrel(Falco naumanni)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[371]
Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[372]
American kestrel(Falco sparverius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[373]
Red-footed falcon(Falco vespertinus)	A – scarce migrant	VU^[374]
Amur falcon(Falco amurensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[375]
Eleonora's falcon(Falco eleonorae)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[376]
Merlin(Falco columbarius)	A – resident breeding species	VU^[377]
Hobby(Falco subbuteo)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[378]
Gyr falcon(Falco rusticolus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[379]
Peregrine(Falco peregrinus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[380]

Parrots

Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae

Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak shape. They are found mainly in areas with warm climates.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Ring-necked parakeet(Psittacula krameri)		C – resident introduced population	LC^[381]

Tyrant flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae

A large family from the Americas.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Eastern phoebe(Sayornis phoebe)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[382]
Yellow-bellied flycatcher(Empidonax flaviventris)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2020^[383]	LC^[384]
Acadian flycatcher(Empidonax virescens)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[385]
Alder flycatcher(Empidonax alnorum)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[386]
Eastern kingbird(Tyrannus tyrannus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[387]

Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Brown shrike(Lanius cristatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[388]
Red-backed shrike(Lanius collurio)	A – scarce passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[389]
Daurian shrike(Lanius isabellinus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[390]
Turkestan shrike(Lanius phoenicuroides)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[391]
Long-tailed shrike(Lanius schach)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[392]
Lesser grey shrike(Lanius minor)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[393]
Great grey shrike(Lanius excubitor)	A – scarce winter visitor	LC^[394]
Woodchat shrike(Lanius senator)	A – scarce migrant	NT^[395]
Masked shrike(Lanius nubicus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[396]

Vireos

Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Yellow-throated vireo(Vireo flavifrons)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[397]
Philadelphia vireo(Vireo philadelphicus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[398]
Red-eyed vireo(Vireo olivaceus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[399]

Old World orioles

Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae

The orioles are medium-sized passerines, mostly with bright and showy plumage, the females often have duller plumage than the males The beak is long, slightly curved and hooked. Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy. There are 36 species worldwide, one of which has been recorded in Great Britain.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Golden oriole(Oriolus oriolus)		A – scarce breeding summer visitor	LC^[400]

Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae

The crows and their relatives are fairly large birds with strong bills and are usually intelligent and adaptable.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Jay(Garrulus glandarius)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[401]
Magpie(Pica pica)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[402]
Nutcracker(Nucifraga caryocatactes)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[403]
Chough(Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[404]
Jackdaw(Coloeus monedula)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[405]
Rook(Corvus frugilegus)	A – resident breeding species	VU^[406]
Carrion crow(Corvus corone)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[407]
Hooded crow(Corvus cornix)	A – resident breeding species
Raven(Corvus corax)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[408]

Waxwings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae

The waxwings are a group of passerine birds characterised by soft, silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Waxwing(Bombycilla garrulus)		A – winter visitor in highly variable numbers	LC^[409]
Cedar waxwing(Bombycilla cedrorum)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[410]

Tits, chickadees, and titmice

Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae

Tits are mainly small, stocky, woodland species with short stout bills. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Coal tit(Periparus ater)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[411]
Crested tit(Lophophanes cristatus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[412]
Marsh tit(Poecile palustris)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[413]
Willow tit(Poecile montana)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[414]
Blue tit(Cyanistes caeruleus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[415]
Great tit(Parus major)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[416]

Penduline tits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae

Small birds with finely pointed bills that build purse-like nests hanging from a branch.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Penduline tit(Remiz pendulinus)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[417]

Bearded tit

Order: Passeriformes Family: Panuridae

A single species formerly placed in the family Sylviidae.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Bearded tit(Panurus biarmicus)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[418]

Larks

Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Woodlark(Lullula arborea)	A – scarce resident breeding species and summer migrant	LC^[419]
White-winged lark(Alauda leucoptera)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[420]
Skylark(Alauda arvensis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[421]
Crested lark(Galerida cristata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[422]
Shore lark(Eremophila alpestris)	A – scarce winter visitor and passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[423]
Short-toed lark(Calandrella brachydactyla)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[424]
Bimaculated lark(Melanocorypha bimaculata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[425]
Calandra lark(Melanocorypha calandra)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[426]
Black lark(Melanocorypha yeltoniensis)	A – rare vagrant	EN^[427]

Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Sand martin(Riparia riparia)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[428]
Tree swallow(Tachycineta bicolor)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[429]
Purple martin(Progne subis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[430]
Crag martin(Ptyonoprogne rupestris)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[431]
Swallow(Hirundo rustica)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[432]
House martin(Delichon urbicum)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[433]
Red-rumped swallow(Cecropis daurica)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[434]
American cliff swallow(Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[435]

Bush warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cettiidae

A recently split family formerly placed in the Sylviidae family. There are 32 species worldwide, with one found in Britain.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Cetti's warbler(Cettia cetti)		A – recently colonised resident breeding species	LC^[436]

Long-tailed tits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithalidae

Small, long-tailed birds that typically live in flocks for much of the year. There are 13 species worldwide with one in Britain.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Long-tailed tit(Aegithalos caudatus)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[437]

Leaf warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae

A recently split family of small insectivorous birds, formerly included within the Sylviidae. There are 81 species, with 16 in Britain.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Wood warbler(Phylloscopus sibilatrix)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[438]
Western Bonelli's warbler(Phylloscopus bonelli)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[439]
Eastern Bonelli's warbler(Phylloscopus orientalis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[440]
Hume's warbler(Phylloscopus humei)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[441]
Yellow-browed warbler(Phylloscopus inornatus)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[442]
Pallas's warbler(Phylloscopus proregulus)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[443]
Radde's warbler(Phylloscopus schwarzi)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[444]
Sulphur-bellied warbler(Phylloscopus griseolus)	A – rare vagrant; first reported 2021^[445]	LC^[446]
Dusky warbler(Phylloscopus fuscatus)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[447]
Willow warbler(Phylloscopus trochilus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[448]
Chiffchaff(Phylloscopus collybita)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage and winter visitor	LC^[449]
Iberian chiffchaff(Phylloscopus ibericus)	A – rare vagrant, occasional breeder	LC^[450]
Eastern crowned warbler(Phylloscopus coronatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[451]
Green warbler(Phylloscopus nitidus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[452]
Two-barred greenish warbler(Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[453]
Greenish warbler(Phylloscopus trochiloides)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[454]
Pale-legged leaf warbler(Phylloscopus tenellipes)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[455]
Arctic warbler(Phylloscopus borealis)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[456]

Reed warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae

A small, insectivorous and vocal group of species, formerly included within the family Sylviidae.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Great reed warbler(Acrocephalus arundinaceus)	A – rare vagrant; has bred	LC^[457]
Aquatic warbler(Acrocephalus paludicola)	A – formerly a scarce migrant, now a rare vagrant^[195]	VU^[458]
Sedge warbler(Acrocephalus schoenobaenus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[459]
Paddyfield warbler(Acrocephalus agricola)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[460]
Blyth's reed warbler(Acrocephalus dumetorum)	A – formerly a rare vagrant, now a scarce migrant^[195]	LC^[461]
Reed warbler(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[462]
Marsh warbler(Acrocephalus palustris)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[463]
Thick-billed warbler(Arundinax aedon)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[464]
Booted warbler(Iduna caligata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[465]
Sykes's warbler(Iduna rama)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[466]
Eastern olivaceous warbler(Iduna pallida)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[467]
Western olivaceous warbler(Iduna opaca)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded in October 2023	LC^[468]
Olive-tree warbler(Hippolais olivetorum)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[469]
Melodious warbler(Hippolais polyglotta)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[470]
Icterine warbler(Hippolais icterina)	A – scarce migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[471]

Grassbirds and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae

A recently split family, previously part of the family Sylviidae.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Pallas's grasshopper warbler(Helopsaltes certhiola)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[472]
Lanceolated warbler(Locustella lanceolata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[473]
River warbler(Locustella fluviatilis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[474]
Savi's warbler(Locustella luscinioides)	A – rare breeding summer visitor	LC^[475]
Grasshopper warbler(Locustella naevia)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[476]

Cisticolas and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae

A group of insectivorous species, previously included within the family Sylviidae.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Fan-tailed warbler(Cisticola juncidis)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[477]

Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae

A group of small insectivorous birds.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Blackcap(Sylvia atricapilla)	A – resident breeding species and summer visitor	LC^[478]
Garden warbler(Sylvia borin)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[479]
Barred warbler(Curruca nisoria)	A – passage migrant	LC^[480]
Lesser whitethroat(Curruca curruca)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[481]
Western Orphean warbler(Curucca hortensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[482]
Eastern Orphean warbler(Curucca crassirostris)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[483]
Asian desert warbler(Curruca nana)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[484]
Rüppell's warbler(Curruca ruppeli)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[485]
Sardinian warbler(Curruca melanocephala)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[486]
Western subalpine warbler(Curruca iberiae)	A – rare vagrant
Moltoni's subalpine warbler(Curruca subalpina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[487]
Eastern subalpine warbler(Curruca cantillans)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[488]
Whitethroat(Curruca communis)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[489]
Spectacled warbler(Curruca conspicillata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[490]
Marmora's warbler(Curruca sarda)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[491]
Dartford warbler(Curruca undata)	A – resident breeding species	NT^[492]

Kinglets

Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae

A family of very small birds.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Ruby-crowned kinglet(Corthylio calendula)	A – rare vagrant; first recorded 2020^[493]	LC^[494]
Goldcrest(Regulus regulus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[495]
Firecrest(Regulus ignicapillus)	A – scarce resident breeding species and passage migrant	LC^[496]

Wrens

Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[497]

Nuthatches

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds with the unusual ability to climb down trees head-first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Red-breasted nuthatch(Sitta canadensis)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[498]
Nuthatch(Sitta europaea)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[499]

Wallcreeper

Order: Passeriformes Family: Tichodromadidae

One species, in its own family, a rare visitor to Britain.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Wallcreeper(Tichodroma muraria)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[500]

Treecreepers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin, pointed, down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Treecreeper(Certhia familiaris)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[501]
Short-toed treecreeper(Certhia brachydactyla)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[502]

Mockingbirds and thrashers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae

Medium-sized passerine birds with long tails. Some are notable for their ability to mimic sounds such as other birds' songs.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Grey catbird(Dumetella carolinensis)	A – rare vagrant (two records)	LC^[503]
Northern mockingbird(Mimus polyglottos)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[504]
Brown thrasher(Toxostoma rufum)	A – rare vagrant (one record)	LC^[505]

Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Rose-coloured starling(Pastor roseus)		A – rare vagrant	LC^[506]
Starling(Sturnus vulgaris)		A – resident breeding species and winter visitor	LC^[507]

Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae

The thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Varied thrush(Ixoreus naevius)	A – very rare vagrant (two records as of 2023)	LC^[508]
Wood thrush(Hylocichla mustelina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[509]
Swainson's thrush(Catharus ustulatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[510]
Hermit thrush(Catharus guttatus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[511]
Grey-cheeked thrush(Catharus minimus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[512]
Veery(Catharus fuscescens)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[513]
White's thrush(Zoothera aurea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[514]
Siberian thrush(Geokichla sibirica)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[515]
Song thrush(Turdus philomelos)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[516]
Mistle thrush(Turdus viscivorus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[517]
Redwing(Turdus iliacus)	A – winter visitor, rare breeder; two subspecies: Turdus iliacus iliacus (nominate; winter visitor, rare breeder) Turdus iliacus coburni (Icelandic; winter visitor)	LC^[518]
Blackbird(Turdus merula)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[519]
Eyebrowed thrush(Turdus obscurus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[520]
Fieldfare(Turdus pilaris)	A – winter visitor, rare breeder	LC^[521]
Ring ouzel(Turdus torquatus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[522]
Black-throated thrush(Turdus atrogularis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[523]
Red-throated thrush(Turdus ruficollis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[524]
Dusky thrush(Turdus eunomus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[525]
Naumann's thrush(Turdus naumanni)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[526]
American robin(Turdus migratorius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[527]

Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae. Subfamily: Muscicapinae

The flycatchers and chats are small, mainly insectivorous birds. The flycatchers fly out from a perch to catch insects in the air.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Rufous-tailed scrub robin(Cercotrichas galactotes)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[528]
Spotted flycatcher(Muscicapa striata)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[529]
Asian brown flycatcher(Muscicapa dauurica)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[530]
Robin(Erithacus rubecula)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[531]
Siberian blue robin(Larvivora cyanea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[532]
Rufous-tailed robin(Larvivora sibilans)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[533]
Bluethroat(Luscinia svecica)	A – scarce migrant, occasional breeder; two subspecies: Red-spotted bluethroat Luscinia svecica svecica (scarce migrant, occasional breeder) White-spotteed bluethroat Luscinia svecica cyanecula (scarce migrant)	LC^[534]
Thrush nightingale(Luscinia luscinia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[535]
Nightingale(Luscinia megarhynchos)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[536]
White-throated robin(Irania gutturalis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[537]
Siberian rubythroat(Calliope calliope)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[538]
Red-flanked bluetail(Tarsiger cyanurus)	A – scarce migrant, formerly a rare vagrant^[195]	LC^[539]
Taiga flycatcher(Ficedula albicilla)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[540]
Red-breasted flycatcher(Ficedula parva)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[541]
Pied flycatcher(Ficedula hypoleuca)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[542]
Collared flycatcher(Ficedula albicollis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[543]
Black redstart(Phoenicurus ochruros)	A – scarce breeding resident, passage migrant and winter visitor	LC^[544]
Redstart(Phoenicurus phoenicurus)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[545]
Moussier's redstart(Phoenicurus moussieri)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[546]
Rock thrush(Monticola saxatilis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[547]
Blue rock thrush(Monticola solitarius)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[548]
Whinchat(Saxicola rubetra)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage migrant	LC^[549]
Stonechat(Saxicola rubicola)	A – resident breeding species
Siberian stonechat(Saxicola maurus)	A – rare vagrant
Stejneger's stonechat(Saxicola stejnegeri)	A – rare vagrant
Wheatear(Oenanthe oenanthe)	A – breeding summer visitor and passage migrant	LC^[550]
Isabelline wheatear(Oenanthe isabellina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[551]
Desert wheatear(Oenanthe deserti)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[552]
Western black-eared wheatear(Oenanthe hispanica)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[553]
Eastern black-eared wheatear(Oenanthe melanoleuca)	A – rare vagrant
Pied wheatear(Oenanthe pleschanka)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[554]
White-crowned black wheatear(Oenanthe leucopyga)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[555]

Dippers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae

Dark, dumpy, aquatic birds which are able to forage for food on the beds of rivers.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Dipper(Cinclus cinclus)		A – resident breeding species	LC^[556]

Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae

Sparrows tend to be small, plump, brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short, powerful beaks. They are seed-eaters and they also consume small insects.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Rock sparrow(Petronia petronia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[557]
Tree sparrow(Passer montanus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[558]
Spanish sparrow(Passer hispaniolensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[559]
House sparrow(Passer domesticus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[560]

Accentors

Order: Passeriformes Family: Prunellidae

A small family of drab, unobtrusive, insectivorous birds with thin, pointed bills.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Alpine accentor(Prunella collaris)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[561]
Siberian accentor(Prunella montanella)	A – rare vagrant with multiple records in 2016	LC^[562]
Dunnock(Prunella modularis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[563]

Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They are slender, ground-feeding insectivores of open country.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Yellow wagtail(Motacilla flava)	Six subspecies: Yellow wagtail M. f. flavissima (subspecies breeding in Britain) Blue-headed wagtail M. f. flava (nominate subspecies occurring as a migrant and rare breeder) Iberian yellow wagtail M. f. iberiae (rare vagrant) Italian yellow wagtail M. f. cinereocapilla (rare vagrant) Black-headed wagtail M. f. feldegg (rare vagrant) Scandinavian yellow wagtail M. f. thunbergi (scarce migrant)	LC^[564]
Eastern yellow wagtail(Motacilla tschutschensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[565]
Citrine wagtail(Motacilla citreola)	A – scarce migrant, formerly a rare vagrant^[195]	LC^[566]
Grey wagtail(Motacilla cinerea)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[567]
Pied wagtail(Motacilla alba)	A – resident breeding species with three additional visiting subspecies M. a. yarrelli, pied wagtail (subspecies breeding in Britain) M. a. alba (nominate subspecies, occurring as a migrant and rare breeder) M. a. personata (rare vagrant) M. a. leucopsis, Amur wagtail (rare vagrant)	LC^[568]
Richard's pipit(Anthus richardi)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[569]
Blyth's pipit(Anthus godlewskii)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[570]
Tawny pipit(Anthus campestris)	A – rare vagrant, formerly a scarce migrant^[195]	LC^[571]
Meadow pipit(Anthus pratensis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[572]
Tree pipit(Anthus trivialis)	A – breeding summer visitor	LC^[573]
Olive-backed pipit(Anthus hodgsoni)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[574]
Pechora pipit(Anthus gustavi)	A – rare vagrant	CR^[575]
Red-throated pipit(Anthus cervinus)	A – rare vagrant, formerly a scarce migrant^[195]	LC^[576]
Buff-bellied pipit(Anthus rubescens)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[577]
Water pipit(Anthus spinoletta)	A – winter visitor	LC^[578]
Rock pipit(Anthus petrosus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[579]

Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae

Seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Chaffinch(Fringilla coelebs)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[580]
Brambling(Fringilla montifringilla)	A – winter visitor, occasional breeder	LC^[581]
Evening grosbeak(Hesperiphona vespertina)	A – rare vagrant	VU^[582]
Hawfinch(Coccothraustes coccothraustes)	A – scarce resident breeding species	LC^[583]
Pine grosbeak(Pinicola enucleator)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[584]
Bullfinch(Pyrrhula pyrrhula)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[585]
Trumpeter finch(Bucanetes githagineus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[586]
Common rosefinch(Carpodacus erythrinus)	A – scarce migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[587]
Greenfinch(Chloris chloris)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[588]
Twite(Linaria flavirostris)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[589]
Linnet(Linaria cannabina)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[590]
Common redpoll(Acanthis flammea)	A – winter visitor and passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[591]
Lesser redpoll(Acanthis cabaret)	A – resident breeding species
Arctic redpoll(Acanthis hornemanni)	A – rare vagrant^[195]
Parrot crossbill(Loxia pytyopsittacus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[592]
Scottish crossbill(Loxia scotica)	A – resident endemic breeding species	LC^[593]
Common crossbill(Loxia curvirostra)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[594]
Two-barred crossbill(Loxia leucoptera)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[595]
Goldfinch(Carduelis carduelis)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[596]
Citril finch(Carduelis citrinella)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[597]
Serin(Serinus serinus)	A – scarce passage migrant, occasional breeder	LC^[598]
Siskin(Spinus spinus)	A – resident breeding species and winter visitor	LC^[599]

Longspurs and arctic buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae

A small family of migratory seed eating birds.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status	Conservation status
Lapland bunting(Calcarius lapponicus)		A – winter visitor, occasional breeder	LC^[600]
Snow bunting(Plectrophenax nivalis)		A – winter visitor and scarce breeder	LC^[601]

Old World buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae. A large group of seed-eating passerine birds with a distinctively shaped bill.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Corn bunting(Emberiza calandra)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[602]
Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[603]
Pine bunting(Emberiza leucocephalos)	A – rare vagrant	RE^[604]
Rock bunting(Emberiza cia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[605]
Ortolan bunting(Emberiza hortulana)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[606]
Cretzschmar's bunting(Emberiza caesia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[607]
Cirl bunting(Emberiza cirlus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[608]
Chestnut-eared bunting(Emberiza fucata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[609]
Little bunting(Emberiza pusilla)	A – scarce migrant	LC^[610]
Yellow-browed bunting(Emberiza chrysophrys)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[611]
Rustic bunting(Emberiza rustica)	A – rare vagrant, formerly a scarce migrant^[195]	LC^[612]
Yellow-breasted bunting(Emberiza aureola)	A – rare vagrant	CR^[613]
Chestnut bunting(Emberiza rutila)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[614]
Black-headed bunting(Emberiza melanocephala)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[615]
Red-headed bunting(Emberiza bruniceps)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[616]
Black-faced bunting(Emberiza spodocephala)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[617]
Pallas's reed bunting(Emberiza pallasi)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[618]
Reed bunting(Emberiza schoeniclus)	A – resident breeding species	LC^[619]

New World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passerellidae.

A seed eating group of species, recently split from the family Emberizidae.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Lark sparrow(Chondestes grammacus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[620]
Dark-eyed junco(Junco hyemalis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[621]
White-crowned sparrow(Zonotrichia leucophrys)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[622]
White-throated sparrow(Zonotrichia albicollis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[623]
Savannah sparrow(Passerculus sandwichensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[624]
Song sparrow(Melospiza melodia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[625]
Eastern towhee(Pipilo erythrophthalmus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[626]

Troupials and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae.

The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Bobolink(Dolichonyx oryzivorus)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[627]
Baltimore oriole(Icterus galbula)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[628]
Red-winged blackbird(Agelaius phoeniceus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[629]
Brown-headed cowbird(Molothrus ater)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[630]

New World warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae

A group of small, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal and insectivorous.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[631]
Northern waterthrush(Parkesia noveboracensis)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[632]
Golden-winged warbler(Vermivora chrysoptera)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[633]
Black-and-white warbler(Mniotilta varia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[634]
Tennessee warbler(Leiothlypis peregrina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[635]
Common yellowthroat(Geothlypis trichas)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[636]
Hooded warbler(Setophaga citrina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[637]
American redstart(Setophaga ruticilla)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[638]
Cape May warbler(Setophaga tigrina)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[639]
Northern parula(Setophaga americana)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[640]
Magnolia warbler(Setophaga magnolia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[641]
Bay-breasted warbler(Setophaga castanea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[642]
Blackburnian warbler(Setophaga fusca)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[643]
Yellow warbler(Setophaga petechia)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[644]
Chestnut-sided warbler(Setophaga pensylvanica)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[645]
Blackpoll warbler(Setophaga striata)	A – rare vagrant	NT^[646]
Yellow-rumped warbler(Setophaga coronata)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[647]
Canada warbler(Cardellina canadensis)	A – rare vagrant, one record	LC^[648]
Wilson's warbler(Cardellina pusilla)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[649]

Cardinals and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

Common and binomial names	Status	Conservation status
Summer tanager(Piranga rubra)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[650]
Scarlet tanager(Piranga olivacea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[651]
Rose-breasted grosbeak(Pheucticus ludovicianus)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[652]
Indigo bunting(Passerina cyanea)	A – rare vagrant	LC^[653]

The links above lead to family accounts and individual species. Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of DNA analysis, so other arrangements may be found, as in Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.

Species awaiting acceptance

The following species have been recorded recently and the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee has not yet made a decision on whether to accept them onto the British List.

Common and binomial names	Image	Status
Fea's petrel(Pterodroma feae)	Feas petrel	A – rare vagrant, previously accepted onto the British list as Fea's petrel but since split into three distinct species

References

↑British Ornithologists' Union (2013). "The British List". Ibis. 155: 635–676. doi:10.1111/ibi.12069.
↑"Maintaining the British List". BOU. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
↑BOURC. "Species categories". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
↑Dudley, Steve P. "Changes to the British List (13 August 2024)". British Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
↑"Scottish Crossbill information". Trees for Life. 2 September 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
↑Benkman, Craig (2025). Crossbills and Conifers: One Million Years of Adaptation and Coevolution. Exeter: Pelagic Publishing Ltd. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-78427-552-5.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Branta bernicla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679946A189780266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679946A189780266.en. Retrieved 25 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Branta ruficollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22679954A154473642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22679954A154473642.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Branta canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22679935A131909406. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679935A131909406.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Branta leucopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22679943A131909954. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679943A131909954.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Branta hutchinsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22733619A139214707. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22733619A139214707.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑"Ross's Goose added to Category A of British list". Birdguides. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anser rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679909A136898830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679909A136898830.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anser caerulescens (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679896A166194881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679896A166194881.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anser anser (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679889A166194209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679889A166194209.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anser fabalis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679875A166192296. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679875A166192296.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Anser brachyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22679872A281837234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22679872A281837234.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022). "Anser albifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22679881A213839615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22679881A213839615.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anser erythropus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679886A166193479. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679886A166193479.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cygnus olor (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679839A166189862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679839A166189862.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cygnus columbianus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679862A166191206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679862A166191206.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Cygnus cygnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22679856A281843607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22679856A281843607.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Alopochen aegyptiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22679993A131910647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679993A131910647.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tadorna tadorna (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680024A166197940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680024A166197940.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tadorna ferruginea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680003A166197286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680003A166197286.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Aix galericulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22680107A131911544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680107A131911544.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Sibirionetta formosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22680317A280907776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22680317A280907776.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Spatula querquedula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680313A166201991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680313A166201991.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Spatula discors". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680229A137731845. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680229A137731845.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Spatula clypeata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680247A166200605. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680247A166200605.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mareca strepera (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680149A166198537. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680149A166198537.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Mareca falcata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22680153A228594770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22680153A228594770.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mareca penelope (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680157A166199138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680157A166199138.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mareca americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680163A137010293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680163A137010293.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Anas platyrhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22680186A281835571. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22680186A281835571.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anas rubripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680174A137023072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680174A137023072.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2019). "Anas acuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22680301A153882797. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680301A153882797.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Anas crecca (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680321A200197945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680321A200197945.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2020). "Anas carolinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22729498A181562690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729498A181562690.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Netta rufina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680348A166203300. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680348A166203300.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya valisineria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680364A137943278. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680364A137943278.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680367A137752425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680367A137752425.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya ferina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680358A166203854. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680358A166203854.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya nyroca (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680373A166204665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680373A166204665.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680370A137908133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680370A137908133.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya fuligula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680391A166205462. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680391A166205462.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aythya affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680402A139381357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680402A139381357.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Polysticta stelleri (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680415A223059785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680415A223059785.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Somateria spectabilis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680409A166207567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680409A166207567.en. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Histrionicus histrionicus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680423A166208474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680423A166208474.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melanitta nigra (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22724879A166428834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22724879A166428834.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melanitta americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22732425A178236617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22732425A178236617.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Clangula hyemalis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680427A166208883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680427A166208883.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022). "Bucephala albeola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22680462A137784330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22680462A137784330.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bucephala islandica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680459A166210191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680459A166210191.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mergellus albellus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680465A166210547. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680465A166210547.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Lophodytes cucullatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680472A137932133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680472A137932133.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mergus merganser (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680492A166211915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680492A166211915.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mergus serrator (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680485A166211173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680485A166211173.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Lagopus muta (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679464A166187006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679464A166187006.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tetrao urogallus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679487A166188330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679487A166188330.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Lyrurus tetrix (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22679480A213356381. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Perdix perdix (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22678911A166185485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22678911A166185485.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phasianus colchicus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T45100023A166454046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45100023A166454046.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Coturnix coturnix (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22678944A166185991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22678944A166185991.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Alectoris rufa (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22678711A166184840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22678711A166184840.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Chordeiles minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689714A189010894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689714A189010894.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Caprimulgus europaeus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689887A166229510. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689887A166229510.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Caprimulgus aegyptius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22689902A155483722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22689902A155483722.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Columba livia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22690066A166230154. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690066A166230154.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Grus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22692078A188597759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692078A188597759.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Grus grus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22692146A166235832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692146A166235832.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tachybaptus ruficollis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696545A166311395. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696545A166311395.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Podilymbus podiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696574A138962202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696574A138962202.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Podiceps grisegena (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696599A166312031. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696599A166312031.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Podiceps cristatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696602A166312625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696602A166312625.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Podiceps auritus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696606A220422990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696606A220422990.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Podiceps nigricollis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696610A166313934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696610A166313934.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Burhinus oedicnemus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T45111439A166454549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45111439A166454549.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2019). "Haematopus ostralegus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22693613A154998347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22693613A154998347.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Himantopus himantopus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22727969A166436026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22727969A166436026.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Recurvirostra avosetta (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693712A166261413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693712A166261413.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pluvialis squatarola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693749A166262763. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693749A166262763.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pluvialis apricaria (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693727A166262122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693727A166262122.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Pluvialis fulva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22693735A282528168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22693735A282528168.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Pluvialis dominica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693740A254411509. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693740A254411509.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Eudromias morinellus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693906A166265665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693906A166265665.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Charadrius vociferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693777A256247816. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693777A256247816.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Charadrius hiaticula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693759A166263388. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693759A166263388.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Charadrius semipalmatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693764A262195475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693764A262195475.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Charadrius dubius (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693770A166264107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693770A166264107.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Vanellus vanellus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693949A166266204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693949A166266204.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Vanellus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22694010A265011262. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22694010A265011262.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Vanellus gregarius (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694053A166267604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694053A166267604.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Vanellus leucurus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694064A166268195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694064A166268195.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Charadrius asiaticus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693868A166265315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693868A166265315.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2023). "Charadrius atrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T230026276A154673176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230026276A154673176.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2023). "Charadrius mongolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T230027154A234712764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230027154A234712764.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Charadrius leschenaultii (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693862A166264762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693862A166264762.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Charadrius alexandrinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22727487A166434019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22727487A166434019.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bartramia longicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693203A190253009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693203A190253009.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Numenius phaeopus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693178A166245989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693178A166245989.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Numenius minutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693165A264971936. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693165A264971936.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Numenius borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693170A178901365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693170A178901365.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Numenius arquata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693190A166247142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693190A166247142.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Limosa lapponica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693158A166245372. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693158A166245372.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Limosa limosa (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693150A166244428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693150A166244428.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Limosa haemastica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693154A255829868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693154A255829868.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Arenaria interpres (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693336A166253234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693336A166253234.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Calidris tenuirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22693359A254641184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22693359A254641184.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris canutus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693363A166253934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693363A166253934.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris pugnax (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693468A166259298. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693468A166259298.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris falcinellus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693464A166258709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693464A166258709.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022). "Calidris acuminata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22693414A152588591. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22693414A152588591.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris himantopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693437A255355399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693437A255355399.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris ferruginea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693431A166258054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693431A166258054.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris temminckii (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693388A166255832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693388A166255832.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris subminuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693392A264990411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693392A264990411.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Calidris ruficollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22693383A270814378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22693383A270814378.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris alba (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693369A166254550. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693369A166254550.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris alpina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693427A166257283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693427A166257283.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris maritima (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693420A166256821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693420A166256821.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris bairdii (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693404A166256449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693404A166256449.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calidris minuta (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693379A166255168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693379A166255168.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris minutilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693396A255801668. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693396A255801668.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris fuscicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693399A255764059. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693399A255764059.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris subruficollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693447A256354281. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693447A256354281.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris melanotos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693408A255807787. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693408A255807787.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris pusilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693373A255806237. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693373A255806237.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Calidris mauri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693376A261733225. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693376A261733225.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Limnodromus scolopaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693348A256610578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693348A256610578.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Limnodromus griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693344A260758243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693344A260758243.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Scolopax rusticola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693052A166241741. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693052A166241741.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Lymnocryptes minimus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693133A166243794. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693133A166243794.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Gallinago media (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693093A166242603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693093A166242603.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Gallinago gallinago (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693097A166243239. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693097A166243239.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Xenus cinereus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693251A166251971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693251A166251971.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Steganopus tricolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693472A262488394. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693472A262488394.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phalaropus lobatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693490A166260001. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693490A166260001.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phalaropus fulicarius (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693494A166260605. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693494A166260605.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Actitis hypoleucos (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693264A166252539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693264A166252539.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Actitis macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693277A262691229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693277A262691229.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa ochropus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693243A166250734. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693243A166250734.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa totanus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693211A166248623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693211A166248623.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa stagnatilis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693216A166249343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693216A166249343.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa glareola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693247A166251358. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693247A166251358.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa erythropus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693207A166247954. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693207A166247954.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Tringa nebularia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22693220A166249933. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693220A166249933.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Tringa melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22693231A261626967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22693231A261626967.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cursorius cursor (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735845A166448044. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735845A166448044.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Glareola pratincola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694127A166268593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694127A166268593.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Glareola maldivarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22694132A264981548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22694132A264981548.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Glareola nordmanni (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694136A166269161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694136A166269161.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Rissa tridactyla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694497A166280839. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694497A166280839.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Xema sabini (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694479A166280460. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694479A166280460.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑"Kelp gull first sighting in UK is 'extraordinary'". BBC News. 13 August 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Gulosus aristotelis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696894A166316717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696894A166316717.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Nannopterum auritum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22696776A133552919. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑Hutchinson, Steve (13 September 2023). "Glossy Ibis breeds in Britain for first time". BirdGuides. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Platalea leucorodia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697555A166323490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697555A166323490.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Botaurus stellaris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697346A166321351. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697346A166321351.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Botaurus lentiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22697340A276609491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697340A276609491.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑Viles, Sam (10 October 2022). "Review of the Week: 3-9 October 2022". BirdGuides. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Ixobrychus exilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22697314A281851669. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697314A281851669.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Ixobrychus minutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22735766A155511258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22735766A155511258.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Nycticorax nycticorax (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697211A166320723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697211A166320723.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022). "Butorides striata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22728182A163804848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22728182A163804848.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ardeola ralloides (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697123A166320143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697123A166320143.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Ardeola bacchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22697133A264998112. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22697133A264998112.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bubulcus ibis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697109A166319497. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697109A166319497.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ardea cinerea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696993A166317370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696993A166317370.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2020). "Ardea herodias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T181500967A181565357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T181500967A181565357.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ardea purpurea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697031A166318222. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697031A166318222.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ardea alba (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697043A166318863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697043A166318863.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Egretta thula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22696974A281845566. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22696974A281845566.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Egretta garzetta (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T62774969A166459851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T62774969A166459851.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑"Dalmatian pelican seen 'for first time' in UK at Land's End". BBC News. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pelecanus crispus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22697599A166324702. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697599A166324702.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pandion haliaetus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694938A166291627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694938A166291627.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Elanus caeruleus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695028A166292971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695028A166292971.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Neophron percnopterus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695180A166295484. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695180A166295484.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pernis apivorus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22694989A166292381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694989A166292381.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Circaetus gallicus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22734216A166443230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22734216A166443230.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Clanga clanga (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696027A166302380. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696027A166302380.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Hieraaetus pennatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696092A166305741. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696092A166305741.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aquila chrysaetos (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22696060A166304641. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696060A166304641.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Accipiter nisus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695624A166300043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695624A166300043.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Accipiter gentilis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695683A166300716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695683A166300716.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Circus aeruginosus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695344A166297363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695344A166297363.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Circus cyaneus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22727733A166434775. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22727733A166434775.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Circus hudsonius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22727740A152420106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22727740A152420106.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Circus macrourus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695396A166298169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695396A166298169.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Circus pygargus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695405A166298788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695405A166298788.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Milvus milvus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695072A166293437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695072A166293437.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Milvus migrans (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T181568721A166444585. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T181568721A166444585.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Haliaeetus albicilla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695137A166294180. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695137A166294180.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Buteo lagopus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22695973A166301294. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695973A166301294.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Buteo buteo (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T61695117A166456567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T61695117A166456567.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Buteo rufinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22736562A166453039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736562A166453039.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. 2021. Tyto alba (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22688504A166222469. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22688504A166222469.en. Accessed on 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aegolius funereus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689362A166227347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689362A166227347.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Surnia ulula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689189A166225954. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689189A166225954.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Otus scops (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T155019854A199151627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T155019854A199151627.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Asio otus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689507A166227851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689507A166227851.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Strix aluco (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22725469A166431700. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22725469A166431700.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Upupa epops (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22682655A166215872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22682655A166215872.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Coracias garrulus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22682860A166216485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22682860A166216485.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2022). "Megaceryle alcyon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22683623A152353788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22683623A152353788.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Merops apiaster (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22683756A166218648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22683756A166218648.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Jynx torquilla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22680683A166212849. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680683A166212849.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2019). "Vireo olivaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T155115462A137780032. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T155115462A137780032.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Garrulus glandarius (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103723684A196469765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103723684A196469765.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Pica pica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T103727048A264575751. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T103727048A264575751.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Nucifraga caryocatactes (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103727252A199147339. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103727252A199147339.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22705916A166337531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22705916A166337531.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Corvus monedula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22705929A166338407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22705929A166338407.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Corvus corone (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22706016A166339564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22706016A166339564.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Corvus corax (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22706068A166340260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22706068A166340260.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bombycilla garrulus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708146A166341825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708146A166341825.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bombycilla cedrorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708153A137475540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708153A137475540.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Periparus ater (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735965A166450344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735965A166450344.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Lophophanes cristatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22711810A166366252. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22711810A166366252.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Poecile palustris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735995A166451604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735995A166451604.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Poecile montanus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T155139697A200206517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T155139697A200206517.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cyanistes caeruleus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103761667A200218007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103761667A200218007.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Parus major (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735990A166451105. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735990A166451105.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Remiz pendulinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T155249960A199571653. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T155249960A199571653.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Panurus biarmicus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716776A166384259. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716776A166384259.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Lullula arborea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717411A166395567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717411A166395567.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Alauda leucoptera (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717298A166392265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717298A166392265.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Alauda arvensis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T102998555A200204640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T102998555A200204640.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Galerida cristata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717383A166394681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717383A166394681.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Eremophila alpestris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717434A166397043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717434A166397043.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calandrella brachydactyla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103766207A199580368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103766207A199580368.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melanocorypha bimaculata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717288A166391995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717288A166391995.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melanocorypha calandra (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717285A166391455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717285A166391455.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22717301A166392617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717301A166392617.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Riparia riparia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103815961A199568748. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103815961A199568748.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Tachycineta bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22712057A137687319. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22712057A137687319.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Progne subis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22712098A137690434. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22712098A137690434.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22712216A166369327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22712216A166369327.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Hirundo rustica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22712252A166369730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22712252A166369730.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Delichon urbicum (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103811886A199580873. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103811886A199580873.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cecropis daurica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103812643A199581436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103812643A199581436.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Petrochelidon pyrrhonota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22712427A137674232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22712427A137674232.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cettia cetti (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714445A166372378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714445A166372378.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Aegithalos caudatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103871923A200205305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103871923A200205305.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22715260A166382121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22715260A166382121.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus bonelli (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22715255A200215664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22715255A200215664.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus orientalis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22729503A200216010. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22729503A200216010.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Phylloscopus humei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22729514A280898107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22729514A280898107.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus inornatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22715310A166382661. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22715310A166382661.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Phylloscopus proregulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22734364A280957990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22734364A280957990.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑"Sulphur-bellied Warbler in Devon". BirdGuides. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus collybita (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103843725A199149673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103843725A199149673.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus ibericus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22729520A166438443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22729520A166438443.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Phylloscopus coronatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22715348A264219341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22715348A264219341.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phylloscopus nitidus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22731553A199145847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22731553A199145847.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T103845702A264194469. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T103845702A264194469.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Phylloscopus tenellipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22715324A264216701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22715324A264216701.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T104317670A200200508. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T104317670A200200508.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus paludicola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714696A166375063. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714696A166375063.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714700A166375661. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714700A166375661.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus agricola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714714A166376173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714714A166376173.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus dumetorum (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714736A166377072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714736A166377072.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714722A166376541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714722A166376541.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acrocephalus palustris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714741A166377430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714741A166377430.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Iduna rama (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714894A166379355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714894A166379355.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2022) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Iduna pallida (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22734747A214665579. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Iduna opaca (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22734089A166442970. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22734089A166442970.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Hippolais olivetorum (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714908A166379786. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714908A166379786.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Hippolais polyglotta (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714912A166380106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714912A166380106.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Hippolais icterina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714916A166380455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714916A166380455.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Helopsaltes certhiola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22714664A263693539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22714664A263693539.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Locustella lanceolata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714654A166372824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714654A166372824.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Locustella fluviatilis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714679A166373650. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714679A166373650.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Locustella luscinioides (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714684A166374120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714684A166374120.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Locustella naevia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22714657A166373109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22714657A166373109.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cisticola juncidis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22713491A166371682. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22713491A166371682.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sylvia atricapilla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716901A166384785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716901A166384785.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sylvia borin (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716906A166385396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716906A166385396.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca nisoria (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716937A166387562. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716937A166387562.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca curruca (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22734992A199566735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22734992A199566735.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sylvia hortensis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735012A199567569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735012A199567569.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca nana (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103872996A200214831. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103872996A200214831.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca ruppeli (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716954A166388527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716954A166388527.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sylvia melanocephala (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716959A166388810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716959A166388810.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca subalpina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735596A200217420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735596A200217420.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sylvia cantillans (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103874024A200219271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103874024A200219271.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca communis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716910A166385937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716910A166385937.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca conspicillata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22716976A166390203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22716976A166390203.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Curruca sarda (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22735017A200217188. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735017A200217188.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pastor roseus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22710881A166360431. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22710881A166360431.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Sturnus vulgaris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22710886A166360937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22710886A166360937.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Ixoreus naevius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708385A137512073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708385A137512073.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Geokichla sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22708382A264256843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22708382A264256843.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Turdus philomelos (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708822A166346863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708822A166346863.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Turdus iliacus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708819A166346241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708819A166346241.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Turdus merula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103888106A199570467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103888106A199570467.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Turdus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22708793A154681905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22708793A154681905.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Turdus torquatus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22708768A166343915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22708768A166343915.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Turdus atrogularis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22736108A199567991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736108A199567991.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Turdus naumanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T103892088A280927393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T103892088A280927393.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cercotrichas galactotes (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22709936A166353350. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22709936A166353350.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Muscicapa striata (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22709192A166348124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22709192A166348124.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2024). "Larvivora cyane". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22709730A264257804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22709730A264257804.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Luscinia luscinia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22709691A166350710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22709691A166350710.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Irania gutturalis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22709758A166353083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22709758A166353083.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Phoenicurus ochruros (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22710051A166353782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22710051A166353782.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Oenanthe deserti (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22710325A166359644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22710325A166359644.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
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↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720681A166419719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720681A166419719.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pinicola enucleator (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720625A166417310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720625A166417310.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720671A166418813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720671A166418813.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Bucanetes githagineus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720513A166415730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720513A166415730.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Carpodacus erythrinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720556A166416529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720556A166416529.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Chloris chloris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720330A166412593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720330A166412593.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Linaria flavirostris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720438A166414564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720438A166414564.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Linaria cannabina (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720441A166415057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720441A166415057.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Acanthis flammea (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22725044A166430280. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22725044A166430280.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Loxia pytyopsittacus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720638A166417690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720638A166417690.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Loxia scotica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720641A166418040. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720641A166418040.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Loxia curvirostra (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720646A166418271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720646A166418271.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Loxia leucoptera (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22728944A166438050. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22728944A166438050.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Carduelis carduelis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103764950A199579742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103764950A199579742.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Carduelis citrinella (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720062A166412292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720062A166412292.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Serinus serinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720049A166411537. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720049A166411537.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Spinus spinus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720354A166413194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720354A166413194.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Calcarius lapponicus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721033A166427206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721033A166427206.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Plectrophenax nivalis (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721043A166427658. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721043A166427658.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza calandra (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721020A166426657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721020A166426657.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza citrinella (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720878A166420307. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720878A166420307.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza leucocephalos (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720881A166420913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720881A166420913.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza cia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720894A166421770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720894A166421770.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza hortulana (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720916A166422798. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720916A166422798.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza caesia (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720920A166423375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720920A166423375.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza cirlus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720888A166421322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720888A166421322.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Emberiza fucata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22720951A280921365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22720951A280921365.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza pusilla (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720954A166423716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720954A166423716.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Emberiza chrysophrys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22720957A280920083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22720957A280920083.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza rustica (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720960A166424122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720960A166424122.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza aureola (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720966A166424599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720966A166424599.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Emberiza rutila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22720969A280929461. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22720969A280929461.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza melanocephala (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720990A166425044. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720990A166425044.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza bruniceps (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22720993A166425532. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22720993A166425532.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Emberiza spodocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T103768039A154688412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T103768039A154688412.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza pallasi (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721007A166425810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721007A166425810.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Emberiza schoeniclus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721012A166426048. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721012A166426048.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Chondestes grammacus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721191A136926221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721191A136926221.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Junco hyemalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721097A138466281. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721097A138466281.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Zonotrichia leucophrys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721088A136821496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721088A136821496.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Zonotrichia albicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721085A138469176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721085A138469176.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Passerculus sandwichensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T103780243A138559631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103780243A138559631.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Melospiza melodia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721058A136876593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721058A136876593.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Pipilo erythrophthalmus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721310A136948895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721310A136948895.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Dolichonyx oryzivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22724367A136679828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22724367A136679828.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Icterus galbula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22724126A132026652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724126A132026652.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Agelaius phoeniceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22724191A132027891. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724191A132027891.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Molothrus ater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22724354A132175819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724354A132175819.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Seiurus aurocapilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721779A139133223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721779A139133223.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Parkesia noveboracensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721793A137354632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721793A137354632.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Vermivora chrysoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22721618A132145282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721618A132145282.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Mniotilta varia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721758A137353554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721758A137353554.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Leiothlypis peregrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721621A137338345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721621A137338345.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Geothlypis trichas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721836A137315462. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721836A137315462.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga citrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721876A137314200. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721876A137314200.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga ruticilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721762A137278860. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721762A137278860.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721670A137276381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721670A137276381.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721639A138880067. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721639A138880067.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga magnolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721667A137273211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721667A137273211.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga castanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721734A138876918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721734A138876918.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga fusca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721695A137271384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721695A137271384.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga petechia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721657A137268484. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721657A137268484.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Setophaga pensylvanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721664A137263338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721664A137263338.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Setophaga striata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22721737A131459482. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721737A131459482.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2023). "Setophaga coronata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T103798425A139138664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T103798425A139138664.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cardellina canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721882A137213211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721882A137213211.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2021). "Cardellina pusilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22721879A137211627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721879A137211627.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Piranga rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22722456A136812093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22722456A136812093.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2025). "Piranga olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22722466A136809279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22722466A136809279.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Pheucticus ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22723813A132168899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723813A132168899.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
↑BirdLife International. (2018). "Passerina cyanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22723951A132171198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723951A132171198.en. Retrieved 28 March 2026.

External links

List of British birds published by The British Ornithologists' Union.
Taxonomic Recommendations for European Birds
توصيات تصنيفية للطيور البريطانية (كلاهما بصيغة PDF).
الجمعية الملكية لحماية الطيور (RSPB) ودليلها الشامل لطيور المملكة المتحدة (من الألف إلى الياء)
هل تُسبب لك هذه التغييرات صداعًا شديدًا؟ التغييرات التصنيفية الحديثة التي تؤثر على قوائم الطيور البريطانية وغرب المنطقة القطبية الشمالية القديمة - مارتن كولينسون، الطيور البريطانية، المجلد 99 (يونيو 2006)، 306-323
مسوحات الصندوق البريطاني لعلم الطيور

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