هل توجد قواعد لغة هلاي

• 【baiskaux】: (1) امرأة؛ (2) زوجة، ولا يستخدمها إلا الزوج لينادي زوجته؛ إنها كلمة غير مهذبة أن تستخدمها لينادي بها زوجات الآخرين.
• 【pasmaen】: (1) رجل؛ (2) زوج، تستخدمه الزوجة فقط لتنادي زوجها؛ إنها كلمة غير مهذبة أن تستخدمها لتنادي أزواج الآخرين.
• 【baisdza】: أم، يستخدمها الراوي. عندما ينادي الطفل أمه، فإنه يستخدم كلمة "bais".
• 【pasdza】: (1) أب، يستخدمها الراوي. عندما ينادي الطفل والده، فإنه يستخدم كلمة "pas"؛ (2) طريقة مهذبة لمخاطبة رجل مسن.

• 【ghang】: تل، جبل
• 【noms / nams】: (1) ماء؛ (2) نهر
• 【laengs】: sea
• 【fei】: (1) اسم: نار؛ (2) فعل: يمشي
• 【ghei】: أرز

• 【hwanneix】: اليوم؛ 【uuhaux】: غدًا
• 【بيسديو】: أعلى؛[ بيسفو ]: أسفل؛ 【paiskueng】: يمين؛[ paishluums ]: يسار

• اسم هان (الصيني): جميع أسماء لي الصينية هي كلمات دخيلة، مأخوذة من لغة هاينان المنطوقة في المنطقة المسماة أويسليوس (黄流)، على سبيل المثال، Maeus zek dhongx ، ( ماو تسي تونغ (毛泽东)، مؤسس جمهورية الصين الشعبية).
• اسم هلاي: عادةً ما يطلق شعب لي على أطفالهم أسماء من لغتهم الخاصة (هلاي).

• هذه كلمات مستعارة من اللغة الهاينانية، على سبيل المثال، Dangx Gok Gong Caens Dhaengs (中国共产党)، الحزب الشيوعي الصيني .

• هذه كلمات مستعارة من اللغة الهاينانية، على سبيل المثال، Bhakgengs ، "Beijing, 北京 (عاصمة جمهورية الصين الشعبية)"؛ Haeisnaems dhaeus ، "جزيرة هاينان، 海海南岛"؛ Lokdhongs ، "Ledong، 乐东 (المدينة المركزية لقبيلة هاس هلاي )"

• معظمها كلمات دخيلة من لغة هاينان، على سبيل المثال، Dangx Gok ، "الصين، 中国"؛
• القليل منها ليست كلمات مستعارة، على سبيل المثال، Moei، "شعب الهان، 汉族"؛ هلاي، "شعب لي، 黎族"

لا يمكن عادةً تعديل الأسماء بالعدد وحده ؛ فالعدد يحتاج إلى مُصنِّف مناسب يتبعه لتعديل الاسم.

لكن الأسماء المرتبطة بالتواريخ (مثل السنة والشهر واليوم) يتم تعديلها بالأرقام فقط (بدون مصنفات).

عندما تشير كلمة "نياين" إلى اسم شهر (كما في شهر مايو أعلاه)، يمكن تعديلها برقم دون الحاجة إلى مُصنِّف. أما عندما تشير كلمة "نياين" إلى عدد الأشهر (كما في المثال أدناه)، فيجب استخدام مُصنِّف لتعديلها.

لا يمكن تعديل الأسماء بالظروف ، ولا يمكن مضاعفة الاسم (مثلاً، ** uxaeu uxaeu ، "رجل رجل"؛ ** blongs blongs ، "بيت بيت") للتعبير عن معنى "كل" كما هو الحال في اللغة الصينية. طريقة التعبير عن معنى "كل" هي استخدام كلمة "ranx" متبوعة بصنف مناسب كما يلي:

على الرغم من أن لغة هلاي لا تحتوي على تصريف للجنس، إلا أنها تحتوي على بادئتين للدلالة على الجنس: "بايس" للمؤنث و"باس" للمذكر، على سبيل المثال

• pasdza ، "أب"
• بايسدزا ، "الأم"
• paskai ، "ديك/ديك" ( kai : دجاجة)
• بايسكاي ، "دجاجة"
• pasdzuengsgong ، "بائع" ( dzuengs : بيع، gong : أشياء)
• baisdzuengsgong ، "بائعة"

عندما ترد كلمة "bais" وحدها، يكون معناها الأم؛ أما "pas" فتعني الأب. ويمكن استخدام "pas" أيضاً كأداة تصنيف ، على سبيل المثال،

لا تستخدم لغة هلاي اللواحق أو البادئات للدلالة على الجمع في الأسماء كما هو الحال في اللغة الإنجليزية. ولكن، تستخدم لغة هلاي كلمة "كون" للدلالة على جمع الأسماء، على سبيل المثال

يمكن أيضًا استخدام كلمة "kun" مع رقم وعامل تصنيف لتعديل الأسماء، على سبيل المثال،

يمكن أن يكون الاسم فاعلاً أو مسنداً أو مفعولاً به ، على سبيل المثال

يمكن أن يكون الاسم صفة، ويمكن أيضًا تعديله بالصفات، على سبيل المثال

يمكن أن يكون الاسم أيضًا ظرفًا مُعدِّلًا ، على سبيل المثال

يمكن أن يكون الاسم المتعلق بالزمن ظرفًا لتعديل الفعل ، على سبيل المثال

عندما تُوضع كلمة "guu" قبل الاسم للدلالة على التبعية ، فإن هذا التركيب يعمل كعبارة ملكية ، ولا يمكن أن يكون إلا في مسند الجملة، على سبيل المثال

In Hlai language, verbs never change their form. The placement of an adverb or an auxiliary word after or before a verb determines the verb's tense.

يمكن أن تكون أفعال لغة هلاي، بما في ذلك أفعال الحركة، وأفعال التعبير عن الأنشطة الذهنية، وأفعال التعبير عن الوجود والتغيير والتطور، مسندات أو رؤوس مسندات في الجملة. ويمكن أن يتبع معظم هذه الأفعال مفعول به أو مكملات، ويمكن تعديلها بواسطة ظروف الزمان، وأسماء الزمان، والكلمات المساعدة، على سبيل المثال،

يمكن عادةً تحويل أفعال لغة هلاي، باستثناء أفعال الربط، إلى أفعال اسمية بإضافة البادئة " uu- "؛ ويمكن أن تكون الأفعال الاسمية فاعلاً ، ولكن لا يمكن أن تكون جزءًا رئيسيًا من المسند ، على سبيل المثال،

لا تزال الأفعال الاسمية قادرة على العمل كفعل يتبعه مفعول به؛ ويمكن للفعل الاسمي والمفعول به معًا أن يعملا كفاعل أو مفعول به أو مسند اسمي، على سبيل المثال،

نادرًا ما تُضاعف أفعال لغة هلاي كما هو الحال في اللغة الصينية؛ إذ لا تُضاعف إلا أفعال الحركة أحادية المقطع وأفعال التعبير عن الأنشطة الذهنية. وتدل الأفعال أحادية المقطع المضاعفة على أن الفعل يُؤدى بشكل عرضي وغير مبالٍ، على سبيل المثال:

الفعل الذي يتبعه " laeis " يصبح معناه "يحاول"؛ وإذا تبع الفعل مفعول به، فيجب وضع كلمة " laeis " بعد المفعول به، على سبيل المثال،

تُوضع الأفعال الناقصة عادةً قبل الفعل الذي يشكل مسند الجملة للتعبير عن 1) قدرة الشخص الذي يقوم بالفعل، أو 2) إمكانية أو واجب أو حاجة القيام بالفعل، على سبيل المثال،

لا يمكن أن يتبع الأفعال الناقصة أسماء مفعول بها، ولا يمكن مضاعفة الأفعال الناقصة، إلا في الجملة الاستفهامية، حيث يُستخدم فعل ناقص إيجابي أو سلبي للسؤال بنعم أو لا، على سبيل المثال،

لا يمكن للفعل الناقص أن يعمل بمفرده كمسند إلا عند الإجابة على الأسئلة، باستثناء الأفعال الناقصة "kiemx" و"guulax" والكلمة "guu"، التي لا يمكنها أن تعمل كمسند، على سبيل المثال،

قد يتبع الأفعال الناقصة أحيانًا مفعول به، على سبيل المثال،

إن عكس الفعل المساعد " kweis " هو " ais "؛ وعكس " kueng " هو " hluums "، وعكس " gieu " هو " gax "، والذي لا يمكن استخدامه في صيغة الأمر .

يمكن لأفعال الحركة أن تعمل بمفردها كمسند ، على سبيل المثال،

كذلك، يمكن أن تتبع أفعال الحركة الفعل الرئيسي للتعبير عن اتجاه الفعل وتشكيل المسند، على سبيل المثال،

كذلك، يمكن أن تتحد أفعال الحركة معًا لتشكل كلمات مركبة كما هو موضح في الجدول أدناه:

يمكن أن تتبع الكلمات المركبة المذكورة أعلاه مفعولات، على سبيل المثال،

باستثناء كلمة " luueng "، يمكن للكلمات الموجودة في العمود الأول من الجدول (" dhuas "، " kaen "، " luei "، " hluet "، " tuuen "، و" beuu ") والكلمات الموجودة في الصف العلوي (" buuen "، " hei "، و" beuu ") أن تتبادل مواقعها. بعد تبادل المواقع، لا يمكن أن يتبع الكلمات المركبة مفعول به، وعادةً ما تُستخدم في صيغة الأمر .

تُوضع أفعال الربط قبل الأسماء أو العبارات الاسمية أو الضمائر ، حيث تجمع بين جزأين نحويين كمسند ، لتوفير معلومات حول الأشياء، على سبيل المثال،

The linking verbs can be omitted, e.g.,

But, when the subject or predicate is too long, or when the predicate includes numbers, the linking verbs cannot be omitted, e.g.,

Linking verbs cannot go with words that indicate the tense (like "faets" or "bhaeis" or "dhuas"), nor with directional verbs or with the complement, nor be modified by adverbials, or be doubled.

When the suffix "toengs" is added to some verbs, the compound words become reciprocal verbs, and cannot be followed by any objects, e.g.,

Some words in Hlai language are both nouns and verbs, e.g.,

In Chinese and English, the verb "wear" can apply to different actions, like wearing a necklace, wearing a hat, or wearing earrings. However, in Hlai language these different actions are distinguished by different verbs, e.g.,

• "to wear"
  • kienx (for wearing a necklace);
  • mieng (for wearing earrings);
  • ngwaus (for wearing a hat);
  • pien (for wearing a skirt, pants, shoes);
  • cat (for wearing a top, a shirt)
• "noise"
  • roeng (from an insect or bird);
  • vuns (from a dog);
  • hyoen (from a rooster);
  • ngwaety (from a human)

In Hlai language, adjectives cannot be a subject, nor an object, but can act as a predicate, attribute, adverbial, or complement.

An adjective also can be modified by adverbs, which can be placed either before or after the adjective, e.g.,

In Hlai language, adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees.

Except for adjectives that describe a mental/emotional status, adjectives can be made nominal by adding the prefix "uu-". Adjectives that are nominal cannot be a predicate, but can act as a subject, an object, or an attribute, e.g.,

Adjectives for describing the forms/attributes of things, and those for describing the status of actions or emotions, can be doubled, but the adjective has to be monosyllabic. When the adjectives are doubled, the degree of the adjective increases, e.g.,

(When the Hlai people are saying farewell (bye), "dais dais fei" is the phrase they say to each other.)

Two different adjectives can be doubled like AABB, e.g.,

Two different adjectives also can be positioned in an ABAB pattern, e.g.,

Also, some monosyllabic adjectives express an increasing degree by the adding of a prefix, which combines the initial consonant of that adjective with a vowel like "i" or "u"; and the tone of the prefix is the first tone, e.g.,

Some adjectives can have a duplicated suffix tagged on to the ends, which cannot exist independently, to intensify the description, e.g.,

The word "enyx" is used to describe something small, and can either be placed before the noun or after; either way the emphasis is on the latter word, e.g.,

The word "long" is used to describe something big or large, and can either be placed before the noun or after; either way the emphasis is on the former word, e.g.,

Another way to express something big or large is to add the prefix "bais-" to nouns related to objects/things; but, if the prefix "bais-" is added to nouns related to mankind/persons, it becomes an indicator of gender, e.g.,

Nouns that have the prefix "bais-" added on to them can be modified by the word "long" to increase the degree, e.g.,

If the speaker intends to increase the degree, the word "dhat" or "dhatdhat" can be added.

• 【ceuus/zeuus/zuu，一】: one (in some case, the word "lax" also mean the digit—"one")
• 【hlaus，二】: two
• 【fus，三】: three
• 【caus，四】: four
• 【ba，五】: five
• 【dom，六】: six
• 【tou，七】: seven
• 【ghou，八】: eight
• 【fauus，九】: nine
• 【fuet，十】: ten
• 【ghwaen，百】: hundred
• 【nguen，千】: thousand
• 【vaens，万】: ten thousand

• 【fuetceuus，十一】: eleven
• 【fuethlaus，十二】: twelve
• 【hlausfuet，二十】: twenty
• 【fusfuetba，三十五】: thirty five
• 【laxghwaenhlausfuet，一百二十】: one hundred twenty
• 【causnguenuengxceuus，四千零一】: four thousand zero one (4,001)
• 【zuuvaens，一万】: ten thousand

Cardinal numbers by themselves usually cannot modify nouns, but need to be placed before a classifier to modify the noun that goes after the classifier, e.g.,

However, in relation to dates (like year, month, day), numbers can modify these types of nouns without classifiers.

Cardinal numbers cannot be doubled, except for with "nguen" and "vaens"; when their pattern is AABB, and the resulting phrase means a number of great amount, e.g.,

Sometimes, the words "nguen" and "vaens" combine with "jieng" or "zuu" to form an ABAC phrase to modify a noun, synonymous in meaning to the AABB pattern, e.g.,

There are four words ("zuu", "ceuus/zeuus", and "lax") that can represent the place value of "one", but each word has its own usage.

First, when Hlai people count, they will say, "ceuus/zeuus, hlaus, fus, caus…(1, 2, 3, 4…)", they won't use "zuu" or "lax" for one.

The word "zuu" needs to go with a classifier to modify a noun.

The digit 1, when it is either in the 100's, 1,000's, 10,000's, 100,000's.... place of a number, the word "zuu" should be used for 1, e.g.,

The digit 1, when it is either in the 10's or 1's place of a number, the word "ceuus/zeuus" should be used for 1, e.g.,

However, if the number is used with a classifier, then the word "zuu" should be used, e.g.,

The word "lax" cannot be used with a classifier. The word "lax" only can be used in the first digit when the number is bigger than ten. However, if the number is multiple of 10 like 100, 1000, 10000...etc., the word "zuu" should be used, instead of "lax". e.g.,

There are two words ("fuet" and "bun") that are used for the place value of "ten," but each word has its usage.

First, "fuet" is used for the number ten when counting.

"Bun" does not need to go with a classifier to modify a noun. However, if the word "bun" does go with a classifier to modify a noun, the only two classifiers that can be used are "hom" and "lang"; but when "lang" is used with people, "bun" cannot be used.

"Fuet" needs to go with a classifier to modify a noun, e.g.,

However, "fuet" can be placed in front of nouns, which are also classifiers, e.g.,

In Hlai language, there is no word for the number "zero"; some areas adopted the loan word "lengs" (零，zero), e.g.,

However, the number "zero" can be represented by the conjunction "uengx" or "loms", e.g.,

In Hlai language, there are two rules to construct numbers:

(1) when any single digit from 1 to 9 is placed after "fuet", "ghwaen", "nguen", or "vaens", the relation between the digit and the word is addition, e.g.,

(2) when any single digit from 1 to 9 is placed before "fuet", "ghwaen", "nguen", or "vaens", the relation between the digit and the word is multiplication, e.g.,

Usually, any accuracy in communication is done with loan words from Chinese, e.g.,

• 【dhoeis-iet，第一】: first
• 【dhoeis-dzis，第二】: second
• 【dhoeis-das，第三】: third
• 【dhoeis-dis，第四】: fourth
• 【dhoeis-ngau，第五】: fifth
• 【dhoeis-laekk，第六】: sixth
• 【dhoeis-qiet，第七】: seventh
• 【dhoeis-bhoeix，第八】: eighth
• 【dhoeis-gaeus，第九】: ninth
• 【dhoeis-dapp，第十】: tenth

In Hlai culture, people use a way similar to the Chinese Zodiac to count years, and even days, e.g.,

• year
  • 【boux-diu，鼠年】: the year of the mouse
  • 【boux-duis，牛年】: the year of the buffalo
  • 【boux-cauus，鱼年】: the year of the fish
  • 【boux-bous，兔年】: the year of the rabbit
  • 【boux-dang，龙年】: the year of the dragon
  • 【boux-zan，虫年】: the year of the insect
  • 【boux-ngas，马年】: the year of the horse
  • 【boux-mat，人年】: the year of the man
  • 【boux-nok，猴年】: the year of the monkey
  • 【boux-kai，鸡年】: the year of the chicken
  • 【boux-tety/hwanba，狗年】: the year of the dog
  • 【boux-bou，猪年】: the year of the pig
• day
  • 【hwan-diu，鼠日】: the day of the mouse
  • 【hwan-duis，牛日】: the day of the buffalo
  • 【hwan-cauus，鱼日】: the day of the fish
  • 【hwan-bous，兔日】: the day of the rabbit
  • 【hwan-dang，龙日】: the day of the dragon
  • 【hwan-zan，虫日】: the day of the insect
  • 【hwan-ngas，马日】: the day of the horse
  • 【hwan-mat，人日】: the day of the man
  • 【hwan-nok，猴日】: the day of the monkey
  • 【hwan-kai，鸡日】: the day of the chicken
  • 【hwan-tety/hwanba，狗日】: the day of the dog
  • 【hwan-bou，猪日】: the day of the pig

For counting months, in Hlai culture, there are two kinds of calendar: one is following the Han's solar calendar, e.g.,

1. 【zuu-nyaen-baen，一月、正月】: January
2. 【hlaus-nyaen，二月】: February
3. 【fus-nyaen，三月】: March
4. 【caus-nyaen，四月】: April
5. 【ba-nyaen，五月】: May
6. 【dom-nyaen，六月】: June
7. 【tou-nyaen，七月】: July
8. 【ghou-nyaen，八月】: August
9. 【fauus-nyaen，九月】: September
10. 【fuet-nyaen，十月】: October
11. 【fuetceuus-nyaen，十一月】: November
12. 【fuethlaus-nyaen，十二月、腊月】: December

The other is following the Han's lunar calendar, e.g.,

• 【zuu-hwan-nyaen，初一】: the first day of a lunar month
• 【hlaus-hwan-nyaen，初二】: the second day of a lunar month
• 【fus-hwan-nyaen，初三】: the third day of a lunar month
• 【caus-hwan-nyaen，初四】: the fourth day of a lunar month
• ..........
• 【fuetceuus-hwan，十一日】: the 11th day of a lunar month
• 【fuetceuus-hwan，十二日】: the 12th day of a lunar month
• ..........
• 【hlausfuetceuus-hwan，二十一日】: the 21st day of a lunar month
• 【fusfuet-hwan，三十日】: the 30th day of a lunar month

In Hlai language, one way to represent approximate numbers is to place two or three sequential numbers together, e.g.,

Usually, the numbers one and two are not put together.

Another way to represent approximate numbers is to use the word "dzaengsloepp" (大约/大概，probably), e.g.,

The word "dzaengsloepp" also can be shortened to "loepp", e.g.,

Another way to represent approximate numbers is to use the word "dza" (余，a surplus/more than), e.g.,

The word "dza" can also be used with "loepp" to represent approximate numbers. The construction is "loepp" + zaux + number + "dza", e.g.,

The word "zaux" in this construction can be omitted, e.g.,

There are some synonyms, like "zuugit", "zuugitgit", "zuugitlaei", that can be used to represent approximate numbers. These words indicate the uncertainty of a small amount, e.g.,

The word "zuutom" (一部分，a part/some) represents the uncertainty of a given amount, e.g.,

Sometimes, the word "zuutom" means "half", e.g.,

Another word to represent the uncertainty of a given amount is "gei" (几, 若干, several), which implies the amount is less than ten, e.g.,

The word "hloei" (多, many/much) can represent the uncertainty of a great amount; if the amount is even greater, this word, "hloei" is repeated, "hloeihloei", e.g.,

When a certain amount is requested, the word "hloeiras" (多少，how many/much) can be used in an interrogative sentence, e.g.,

• 【hom，个、块、所、颗、粒、朵、元、座、盏、顶...】: most frequently used, and used with inanimate objects (including fruit, month, story, building, flower, money, mountain, light-stand, hat...), e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  hom

  CL

  waeu

  bowl

  zuu hom waeu

  one CL bowl

  "a bowl" (Chinese:一个碗)
• 【zuen，位】: it is only used with humans, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  zuen

  CL

  bhiengs

  soldier

  hlaus zuen bhiengs

  two CL soldier

  "two soldiers" (Chinese:两个士兵)
• 【laus，个、位】: it is only used with males whether a baby, child, boy or young man, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  laus

  CL

  hluuek

  child

  zuu laus hluuek

  one CL child

  "a boy" (Chinese:一个男孩)
• 【hauus，个、位】: it is only used with females whether a baby, child, girl or young woman, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  hauus

  CL

  hluuek

  child

  hlaus hauus hluuek

  two CL child

  "two girls" (Chinese:两个女孩)
• 【lang，只】: it can be used with humans, animate objects and spiritual beings, e.g.,

  fus

  three

  lang

  CL

  kai

  chicken

  fus lang kai

  three CL chicken

  "three chickens" (Chinese:三只鸡)
• 【kuuengx，棵】: it is used with larger plants (flowers use "hom"), e.g.,

  caus

  four

  kuuengx

  CL

  cai

  tree

  caus kuuengx cai

  four CL tree

  "four trees" (Chinese:四棵树)
• 【fans，件】: it is used with shirts or blouses, e.g.,

  ba

  five

  fans

  CL

  veengs

  shirt/top

  ba fans veengs

  five CL shirt/top

  "five shirts or blouses" (Chinese:五件衣裳)
• 【hyax，条、件】: it is used with trousers/pants, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  hyax

  CL

  kous

  pants

  hlaus hyax kous

  two CL pants

  "two pairs of pants" (Chinese:两条裤子)
• 【ruet，条】: it is used with skirts, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  ruet

  CL

  riens

  the traditional Hlai skirt

  zuu ruet riens

  one CL {the traditional Hlai skirt}

  "a skirt" (Chinese:一条筒裙)
• 【tos，套】: it is used with a suit of clothes or an outfit, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  tos

  CL

  veengs

  shirt/top

  kous

  pants

  zuu tos veengs kous

  one CL shirt/top pants

  "a suit or outfit having a matching top and bottom" (Chinese:一套衣服裤子)
• 【tut，套】: it is used with a suit or outfit of clothes, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  tut

  CL

  veengs

  shirt/top

  zuu tut veengs

  one CL shirt/top

  "a suit of clothes" (Chinese:一套衣服)
• 【dhanx，条、根】: it is used with linear objects, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  dhanx

  CL

  dhoei

  rope

  zuu dhanx dhoei

  one CL rope

  "a rope" (Chinese:一根绳子)

  dom

  six

  dhanx

  CL

  noms

  river

  dom dhanx noms

  six CL river

  "six rivers" (Chinese:六条河)
• 【viens，块，张】: it is used with massive or planar objects, e.g.,

  tou

  seven

  viens

  CL

  noeng

  skin

  duis

  water buffalo

  tou viens noeng duis

  seven CL skin {water buffalo}

  "seven pieces of cow hides" (Chinese:七张牛皮)
• 【rueis，块、张】: it is usually used with flat surfaced planar objects, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  rueis

  CL

  aek

  meat

  bou

  pig

  hlaus rueis aek bou

  two CL meat pig

  "two slabs of pork" (Chinese:两块猪肉)

  fus

  three

  rueis

  CL

  noeng

  skin

  loei

  muntjak

  fus rueis noeng loei

  three CL skin muntjak

  "three pieces of chamois (small antelope) hide" (Chinese:三张麂子皮)
• 【ban，头、只】: it is used with cows or horses, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  ban

  CL

  gas

  horse

  hlaus ban gas

  two CL horse

  "two horses" (Chinese:两匹马)
• 【pous/paus，堆】: it is used with a relative smaller pile (pous/paus is also a verb), e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  pous

  CL

  van

  earth

  zuu pous van

  one CL earth

  "a pile of earth" (Chinese:一堆土)
• 【kun，堆】: it is used with a relative bigger pile, e.g.,，

  zuu

  one

  kun

  CL

  muens

  rice in the husk

  zuu kun muens

  one CL {rice in the husk}

  "a large pile of rice" (Chinese:一大堆稻谷)
• 【baep，把】: it is usually used with seedling (There is no wheat on the Island of Hainan/Hlai people's territory.), e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  baep

  CL

  fan

  seedling

  zuu baep fan

  one CL seedling

  "a handful of rice seedlings" (Chinese:一把秧)
• 【hax，把】: it is usually used with rice, e.g.,，

  zuu

  one

  hax

  classifier

  muens

  rice

  zuu hax muens

  one classifier rice

  "one handful of rice" (Chinese:一把稻子)
• 【bhaeng，间】: it is usually used with a room or building, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  bhaeng

  CL

  blongs

  house

  zuu bhaeng blongs

  one CL house

  "a building/house" (Chinese:一间屋子)

  zuu

  one

  bhaeng

  CL

  qiafei

  train

  zuu bhaeng qiafei

  one CL train

  "a box car" (Chinese:一节火车厢)
• 【bhaengs，梭/颗、封】: it is usually used with letters (a written communication as one sent through the mail) a bullet or a firecracker, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  bhaengs

  CL

  veji

  bullet

  zuu bhaengs veji

  one CL bullet

  "a bullet" (Chinese:一梭/颗子弹)

  zuu

  one

  bhaengs

  CL

  dienx

  letter

  zuu bhaengs dienx

  one CL letter

  "a letter" (Chinese:一封信)
• 【bhak，块】: it is usually used with flat objects, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  bhak

  CL

  gias

  glass

  zuu bhak gias

  one CL glass

  "a piece of glass" (Chinese:一块玻璃)

  zuu

  one

  bhak

  CL

  qias

  paper

  zuu bhak qias

  one CL paper

  "a piece of cardboard" (Chinese:一块硬纸片)
• 【bheek，幅】: it is usually used with a picture or painting, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  bheek

  CL

  ueix

  picture/painting

  zuu bheek ueix

  one CL picture/painting

  "a picture/painting" (Chinese:一幅画)
• 【bhuek，把】: it is usually used with straw, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  bhueks

  CL

  ngwiengs

  straw

  zuu bhueks ngwiengs

  one CL straw

  "a handful of straw" (Chinese:一把稻草)
• 【bhui，本】: it is usually used with books, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  bhui

  CL

  qias

  book

  hlaus bhui qias

  two CL book

  "two books" (Chinese:两本书)
• 【cax，座】: it is usually used with mountains, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  cax

  CL

  hwous

  mountain

  zuu cax hwous

  one CL mountain

  "a mountain" (Chinese:一座山)
• 【ceuus，枝、秆】: it is usually used with a pen or stick, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  ceuus

  CL

  bhit

  pen

  zuu ceuus bhit

  one CL pen

  "a pen" (Chinese:一支笔)
• 【cueng，枚】: it is usually used with a needle, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  cueng

  CL

  guty

  needle

  zuu cueng guty

  one CL needle

  "a needle" (Chinese:一枚针)
• 【dhien，畦or 幅】: it is usually used with farmland (rectangular plots of land in a field, separated by ridges, usually for growing vegetables), also used with cloth, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  dhien

  CL

  van

  land/earth

  bheuudaeis

  vegetables

  zuu dhien van bheuudaeis

  one CL land/earth vegetables

  "a bed of vegetables" (Chinese:一畦菜地)

  zuu

  one

  dhien

  CL

  dhop

  cloth

  zuu dhien dhop

  one CL cloth

  "a piece of cloth" (Chinese:一幅布)
• 【dhun，户、家】: it is usually used with households, e.g.,

  bhous

  Village

  fa

  our

  zaux

  have

  hlaus

  two

  fuet

  ten

  dhun

  CL

  blongs.

  households

  bhous fa zaux hlaus fuet dhun blongs.

  Village our have two ten CL households

  "There are twenty households in our village." (Chinese:我们村子有二十户人家)
• 【gas，辆、架】: it is usually used with a car or a plane, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  gas

  CL

  qia

  car

  zuu gas qia

  one CL car

  "a car" (Chinese:一辆车)

  zuu

  one

  gas

  CL

  vabheny

  airplane

  zuu gas vabheny

  one CL airplane

  "an airplane" (Chinese:一架飞机)
• 【ghoeix，行、排】: a row, a line, e.g.,

  fus

  three

  ghoeix

  CL

  cai

  tree

  fus ghoeix cai

  three CL tree

  "three rows of trees" (Chinese:三行树)

  zuu

  one

  ghoeix

  CL

  qias

  word/letter

  zuu ghoeix qias

  one CL word/letter

  "one line of words" (Chinese:一行字)
• 【ha，缕】: it is usually used with light.
• 【hus，副】: it is usually used with playing cards, poker.
• 【hwoens，堆、块】: it is usually used with fields or objects that can be organized in a pile, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  hwoens

  CL

  guns

  firewood

  zuu hwoens guns

  one CL firewood

  "a pile of firewood" (Chinese:一堆柴火)

  zuu

  one

  hwoens

  CL

  dax

  field

  zuu hwoens dax

  one CL field

  "a field" (Chinese:一块水田)
• 【hluut，层】: it means "layers" or "levels", e.g.,

  fus

  three

  hluut

  CL

  laeus

  the floor in building

  fus hluut laeus

  three CL {the floor in building}

  "three floors" (Chinese:三层楼)

  Van

  Land

  neix

  this

  zaux

  have

  fus

  three

  hluut

  CL

  na.

  thickness

  Van neix zaux fus hluut na.

  Land this have three CL thickness

  "This soil has three layers." (Chinese:这土有三层厚)
• 【ka，枝】: it is usually used with branches, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  ka

  CL

  cai

  tree

  zuu ka cai

  one CL tree

  "a branch" (Chinese:一枝树枝)
• 【kok，棵】: it is usually used with mushrooms, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  kok

  CL

  dhety

  mushroom

  zuu kok dhety

  one CL mushroom

  "a mushroom" (Chinese:一棵菌子)
• 【koen，只】: it is usually used with one object in a pair, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  kuen

  CL

  zuugoems

  shoe

  zuu kuen zuugoems

  one CL shoe

  "a shoe" (Chinese:一只鞋)

  zuu

  one

  koen

  CL

  fiek

  CL

  zuu koen fiek

  one CL CL

  "a pole balanced on a shoulder by half a load being carried in the front and the other half being carried in the back" (Chinese:半挑东西)
  (fiek: the action of carrying stuff on a shoulder becomes a classifier)
• 【kou，张、顶】: it is usually used with mesh, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  kou

  CL

  ghoeis

  net

  hla

  fish

  zuu kou ghoeis hla

  one CL net fish

  "a fishing net" (Chinese:一张鱼网)
• 【liemx，瓣】: it is usually used with a clove or segment of fruit, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  liemx

  CL

  coembhem

  grapefruit

  zuu liemx coembhem

  one CL grapefruit

  "a piece of grapefruit" (Chinese:一瓣柚子)
• 【leep，叠】: it is usually used with thin objects like paper, e.g.,

  hlaus

  two

  leep

  CL

  qias

  paper

  hlaus leep qias

  two CL paper

  "two sheets of paper" (Chinese:两层纸)
• 【leeps，瓣、片、层】: it is usually used with thin objects
• 【luuengs，把】: it is usually used with a saw (tool for sawing)
• 【moux，种、类】: it means a "kind, sort", e.g.,

  neix

  This

  zuu

  one

  moux

  CL

  hleny

  good

  neix zuu moux hleny

  This one CL good

  "This is a good one." (Chinese:这一种好)

  zaux

  have

  hlenyhloei

  many

  moux

  CL

  muens

  rice

  zaux hlenyhloei moux muens

  have many CL rice

  "There are many kinds of rice." (Chinese:有好多种稻子)
• 【paeng，串】: it is usually used with fruit, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  paeng

  CL

  zuuloengs

  betel nut

  zuu paeng zuuloengs

  one CL {betel nut}

  "a cluster of betel nut" (Chinese:一串槟榔)
• 【pienx，把】: it is usually used with knives e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  pienx

  CL

  gas

  knife

  zuu pienx gas

  one CL knife

  "a knife" (Chinese:一把刀)
• 【puens，杆、根】: it is usually used with tree trunks or any bar-like or rod-like objects, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  puens

  CL

  cai

  tree

  zuu puens cai

  one CL tree

  "a stump (or tree trunk)" (Chinese:一根树干)

  zuu

  one

  puens

  CL

  bhit

  pen

  zuu puens bhit

  one CL pen

  "a pen" (Chinese:一支笔)
• 【raeis，块、片】: it is used with fields, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  raeis

  CL

  dax

  field

  zuu raeis dax

  one CL field

  "a field" (Chinese:一片田)
• 【ras，棵，株】: it is usually used with grass or rice, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  ras

  CL

  gans

  grass

  zuu ras gans

  one CL grass

  "a blade of grass" (Chinese:一棵草)
• 【rok，块】: it is usually used with hillside fields (fields far from a water source), e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  rok

  CL

  ang

  field

  zuu rok ang

  one CL field

  "a field" (Chinese:一块刀耕地)

  (ang: specifically, a burned up plot of land that is fertilized for future farming by the remaining ashes; an ancient farming way of Hlai people, but now forbidden by the CN government)

  fus

  three

  rok

  CL

  pos

  hillside field

  fus rok pos

  three CL {hillside field}

  "three fields on the hillside" (Chinese:三块旱地)
• 【ruets，摞】: it is usually used with massive objects
• 【taeu，批、群】: it is usually used with a batch of goods or a group of animals, e.g.,

  caty

  buy

  zuu

  one

  taeu

  CL

  liem

  sickle

  caty zuu taeu liem

  buy one CL sickle

  "buy a bundle of sickles" (Chinese:买一批镰刀)

  zuu

  one

  taeu

  CL

  dzeeng

  goat/sheep

  zuu taeu dzeeng

  one CL goat/sheep

  "a flock of goats" (Chinese:一群羊)
• 【tuueng，把】: it is usually used with farm tools, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  tuueng

  CL

  rik

  rake

  zuu tuueng rik

  one CL rake

  "a rake" (Chinese:一把耙)
• 【vaen，梳、下】: it is usually used with comb-like, comb-shaped objects, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  vaen

  CL

  hweek

  banana

  zuu vaen hweek

  one CL banana

  "a bunch of bananas" (Chinese:一梳芭蕉)

  or it is used for counting the number of times of pestling, e.g.,

  ceek

  pestle

  fuet

  ten

  vaen

  CL

  ceek fuet vaen

  pestle ten CL

  "pestle ten times" (Chinese:舂十下)
• 【vans，张、页、幅、块】: it is usually used with paper products, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  vans

  CL

  qia

  paper

  zuu vans qia

  one CL paper

  "a piece of paper" (Chinese:一张纸)

  zuu

  one

  vans

  CL

  diets

  picture

  zuu vans diets

  one CL picture

  "a photograph" (Chinese:一幅照片)
• 【voei，桶】: it is usually used with something that can be carried in a bucket, e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  voei

  CL

  ghei

  rice

  zuu voei ghei

  one CL rice

  "a bucket of rice" (Chinese:一桶米)
• 【vong，嘟噜】: it is usually used with something formed as a cluster (tropical fruit is usually in clusters, such as coconuts, betel nuts), e.g.,

  zuu

  one

  vong

  CL

  coemcai

  fruit

  zuu vong coemcai

  one CL fruit

  "a cluster of fruit" (Chinese:一嘟噜果子)