قائمة الثدييات في أمريكا الشمالية

📅 آخر تحديث: ٣٠ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
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الموسوعة الحرة

هذه قائمة بالثدييات في أمريكا الشمالية . تشمل جميع الثدييات الموجودة حاليًا في الولايات المتحدة ، وسانت بيير وميكلون ، وكندا ، وغرينلاند ، وبرمودا ، والمكسيك ، وأمريكا الوسطى ، ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي ، سواء كانت مقيمة أو مهاجرة . لا تتضمن هذه القائمة الأنواع الموجودة في الأسر فقط. كما تشمل أنواع الثدييات التي انقرضت خلال العشرة آلاف إلى الثلاثة عشر ألف سنة الماضية. يُذكر اسم كل نوع علميًا . كما تُشير القائمة إلى معظم الأنواع الدخيلة المستوطنة في عدة ولايات ومقاطعات.

يتم تحديد بعض الأنواع على النحو الموضح أدناه:

  • (أ) = عرضي : حدوث يعتمد على سجل واحد أو بضعة سجلات، ومن غير المرجح أن يحدث بانتظام
  • (هـ) = منقرض : انقرض بين 13000 سنة مضت والوقت الحاضر
  • (مثال) = مستأصل : لم يعد موجودًا في المنطقة محل الاهتمام، ولكن توجد مجموعات أخرى في أماكن أخرى
  • (I) = مُدخَل : مجموعة سكانية نشأت نتيجةً للتدخل البشري المباشر أو غير المباشر؛ مرادف لغير الأصليين وغير السكان الأصليين

حالة الحفظ - القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض :

EX - منقرض، EW - منقرض في البرية
CR - مُهدد بالانقراض بشدة، EN - مُهدد بالانقراض، VU - مُعرض للخطر
NT - قريب من التهديد، LC - أقل قلقاً
DD - البيانات ناقصة، NE - لم يتم التقييم
(الإصدار 2013.2، البيانات محدثة حتى 5 مارس 2014 [ 1 ] )

وقانون الأنواع المهددة بالانقراض :

E - مُهدد بالانقراض، T - مُهدد
XN ، XE - مجموعة سكانية تجريبية غير أساسية أو أساسية
E(S/A) ، T(S/A) - مهدد بالانقراض أو معرض للخطر بسبب تشابه المظهر
(تم اختيار التصنيفات الموجودة في الولايات المتحدة فقط، والبيانات محدثة حتى 28 مارس 2014 [ 2 ] )

الأبوسوم ( Didelphimorphia )

عائلة ديدلفيدي

المدرعات ( Cingulata )

عائلة داسيبوديداي

الكلاميفوريداي

بامباثيريداي

Pilosa : Vermilingua (آكلات النمل والتاماندوا)

عائلة السيكلوبيديات

النمل آكل النمل

Pilosa : Folivora (الكسلان)

ميغالونيكيداي

الكسلان الأرضي لجفرسون

براديبوديداي (الكسلان ثلاثي الأصابع)

فصيلة الكسلان ثنائي الأصابع ( Choloepodidae )

ميغاثيريداي

عائلة ميلودونتيداي

عائلة نوثروثيريداي

القوارض (القوارض)

عائلة إكيميداي

هيتروبسوميناي

إكيميناي

كابروميناي (هوتياس)

عائلة الأبلودونتي

(ssp. A. r. nigra : E )

القنادس ( Castoridae )

قندس أمريكا الشمالية

فئران زابوديداي (الفئران القافزة)

( فأر بريبل القافز في المروج ، Z. h. preblei : T ) و: [ n 3 ]

عائلة القنافذ (القنافذ في العالم الجديد)

عائلة القوارض ( Caviidae )

عائلة Heptaxodontidae (الهوتيا العملاقة)

عائلة داسيبروستيداي

عائلة الكونيكوليداي

عائلة الجيوميداي (الجرذان الجيبية)

لقد دار جدل كبير بين علماء التصنيف حول أي سلالات من حيوان الغوفر الجيبي يجب الاعتراف بها كأنواع كاملة، ولا يمكن اعتبار القائمة التالية نهائية.

غوفر بوتا الجيبي

عائلة الهيتروميداي

جرذ الكنغر أورد
( جرذ الكنغر في خليج مورو ، D. h. morroensis : E )
( جرذ الكنغر سان برناردينو , D. m. parvus : E )
(سلالات فريسنو D. n. exilis و Tipton kangaroo Rat ، D. n. nitratoides : E )
( فأرة الجيب الهادئة , P. l. pacificus : E )

السنجابيات (Sciuridae)

السنجاب الرمادي الشرقي
كلب البراري ذو الذيل الأسود
حيوان المرموط
السنجاب الأرضي ذو الرداء الذهبي
السنجاب الشرقي

Xerinae : Marmotini (السناجب الأرضية)

Sciurinae : Pteromyini (السناجب الطائرة)

(السنجاب الطائر الشمالي في كارولينا G. s. coloratus والسنجاب الطائر الشمالي فيرجينيا G. s. fuscus : E )

السنجابيات : السنجابيات

( سنجاب ثعلب دلمارفا ، S. n. cinereus : E )
( سنجاب جبل غراهام الأحمر ، T. f. grahamensis : E )
( سنجاب جبل غراهام الأحمر ، T. h. grahamensis : E )

الفرخيات

لقد دار جدل كبير بين علماء التصنيف حول أي سلالات من الفئران والجرذان يجب الاعتراف بها كأنواع كاملة، ولا يمكن اعتبار القائمة التالية نهائية.

فأر الحقل الشرقي
فأر المسك
فأر الغزال
فأر الصبار

أرفيكوليناي

(ssp. scirpen : E )

نيوتوميناي

( جرذ الخشب في كي لارغو ، N. f. smalli : E )
(ssp. riparia : E )
(ssp. allapaticola : E )
( فأر شاطئ تشوكتاواتشي ، P. p. allophrys ، فأر شاطئ بيرديدو كي ، P. p. trissyllepsis ، فأر شاطئ سانت أندروز ، P. p. peninsularis ، فأر شاطئ ألاباما ، P. p. ammobates وفأر شاطئ جزيرة أناستازيا ، P. p. phasma : E ، فأر الشاطئ الجنوبي الشرقي ، P. p. niveiventris : T )

سيغمودونتيني

تيلوميناي

الرئيسيات

عائلة القرود الليلية ( Aotidae )

عائلة الأتيليداي

عائلة كاليتريشيداي

عائلة سيبيداي

القردة العليا ( Hominidae )

الأرانب (الأرانب البرية والأرانب)

الأرانب البرية ( Leporidae )

الأرنب البري ذو الذيل الأسود
( أرنب المستنقعات في جزر كيز السفلى ، S. p. hefneri : E )

عائلة الأوكوتونيداي

Eulipotyphla (الخلد والزبابة)

الخلد (الخلد)

الخلد ذو الأنف النجمي

الزبابة ( Soricidae )

الزبابة قصيرة الذيل
الزبابة الرمادية

عائلة سولينودونتيداي

عائلة نيسوفونتيدي

الخفافيش ( Chiroptera )

فصيلة الخفافيش ذات الذيل الحر ( Molossidae )

عائلة الخفافيش ذات الأجنحة الكيسية ( Emballonuridae )

خفافيش ناتاليداي (الخفافيش ذات الأذنين القمعيتين)

عائلة الزقزاقيات

مضرب إنديانا
الخفاش المكسيكي ذو الأنف الطويل
(ssp. C. t. virginianus و C. t. ingens : E )

مورموبيداي

عائلة فوريبتيريداي

خفافيش نوكتيليونيداي (خفافيش البلدغ)

عائلة الخفافيش ذات الأنف الورقي ( Phyllostomidae ) في العالم الجديد

Brachyphyllinae

كارولين

خفافيش مصاصة الدماء ( Desmodontinae )

غلوسوفاجين

فيلونيكتيريناي

فيلوستوميناي

ستينوديرماتيني

Thyropteridae

Carnivora (carnivorans)

Felidae (cats)

Jaguar
(ssp. P. o. augusta (E))
(ssp. P. c. couguarE)

Canidae (dogs)

Gray wolf
(ssp. U.l. littoralis, U. l. catalinae, U. l. santarosae and U. l. santacruzae: E)

Ursidae (bears)

Procyonidae

Mustelidae

River otter
(ssp. E. l. nereis and E. l. kenyoni: T, ssp. E. l. nereis also XN)

Mephitidae

Otariidae (eared seals)

(ssp. E. j. monteriensis: LC, ssp. E. j. jubatus: EN) T (except west of 144° W, where E)

Odobenidae

  • Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus[n 4]VU (O. r. divergensDD, O. r. rosmarusNT)

Phocidae (earless seals)

Harbor seal

Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

Equidae (horse family)

Tapiridae (tapirs)

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Camelidae

Tayassuidae

Bovidae (bovids)

American bison
(Desert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, O. c. sierrae: E)

Cervidae (deer)

(Columbian white-tailed deer, O. v. leucurus and Key deer, O. v. clavium: E)
(Migratory woodland caribou, R. t. caribou: E)

Antilocapridae

  • Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana[n 4]LC (A. a. peninsularis and sonoriensisEN)
(Baja California pronghorn, A. a. peninsularis: E, Sonoran pronghorn, A. a. sonoriensis: E)

Cetacea

Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins)

Killer whales, Orcinus orcanear Unimak Island,eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Monodontidae

Phocoenidae (porpoises)

Kogiidae

Physeteridae

Ziphiidae (beaked whales)

Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus

Eschrichtiidae (gray whales)

Balaenopteridae (rorquals)

(ssp. brevicauda - pygmy blue whale: DD, ssp. musculus North Pacific stock: LR/cd, ssp. musculus North Atlantic stock: VU)

Balaenidae

Sirenia (sea cows)

Manatee, Trichechus manatusCrystal River, Florida

Trichechidae

(ssp. T. m. manatus - Antillean or Caribbean manatee: EN, ssp. T. m. latirostris - Florida manatee: EN)

Dugongidae

Proboscidea

Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon

Elephantidae

Mammutidae

Gomphothere

Introduced mammals

Echimyidae - Echimyinae, Myocastorini

Muridae

Leporidae (rabbits and hares)

Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)

Herpestidae (mongoose)

Mustelidae

Suidae (pigs)

Bovidae (bovids)

Cervidae (deer)

See also

Notes

  1. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  2. ↑Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Opossum, D. marsupialis (merged Mexican, D. marsupialis and D. virginiana).
  3. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697Species split from this species or considered as distinct species alternatively. All these taxa occur in the area of interest, including the one on the left.
  4. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  5. 1234567[Species split from this species or considered as distinct species alternatively.When treating these taxa separately, the one on the left does not occur in the area of interest.
  6. 12345678910Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
  7. 12345678910Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  8. ↑Texas pocket gopher, Geomys personatus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Baker et al. 2003,[3] - as 2 distinct species: Texas Pocket Gopher G. personatus and Strecker's Pocket Gopher G. streckeri.
  9. 12345678Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
  10. ↑Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  11. ↑Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] and IUCN Red List,[7] also probably North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] and Baker et al. 2003[3] - Dipodomys elephantinus merged with D. venustus as D. venustus elephantinus.
  12. 12345678910111213 Not recognized as a separate species in the Mammal Diversity Database v. 1.10.[9]
  13. 1234567Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  14. 12Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - range not clear because described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  15. 123Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  16. ↑Mexican fox squirrel, Sciurus nayaritensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
  17. ↑Northern collared lemming, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 3 distinct species: Peary Land collared lemming D. groenlandicus, Bering collared lemming D. rubricatus and Victoria collared lemming D. kilangmiutakBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul.
  18. ↑Nelson's collared lemming, Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 2 distinct species: Nelson's collared lemming D. nelsoni and St. Lawrence Island collared lemming D. exsul.Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
  19. 12345Baker et al. 2003,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  20. 12Mexican vole, Microtus mexicanus:Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus.Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - only M. mogollonensis.North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter.IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis.[14][15]12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991[16]), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act.[2][16]
  21. 123456Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  22. ↑Northern rock mouse, Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of rock mouse, Peromyscus difficilis that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
  23. 12Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
  24. 123Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  25. 1234Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  26. ↑North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  27. ↑Long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar: IUCN Red List.[7]Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5]- as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
  28. ↑Gaspé shrew, Sorex gaspensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5]
  29. ↑Baker et al. 2003,[3] IUCN Red List.[7]
  30. ↑Velvety free-tailed bat: Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae.
  31. 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  32. ↑Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis, M. evotis as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
  33. 12North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  34. ↑Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  35. ↑Prinstine mustached bat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - possibly Florida.Extinct at the end of Pleistocene - in the USA found in Rancholabrean cave deposits in southern Florida (Monkey Jungle Hammock).[21]
  36. ↑Lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Baker et al. 2003[3] - as southern long-nosed bat L. curasoae (L. yerbabuenae was included[22] in L. curasoae as a subspecies[23]).Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym[22]L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
  37. ↑Margay: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[6]Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] last record in Texas from 1852.[4]
  38. ↑Red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
  39. ↑Brown bear, Ursus arctos: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear, U. horribilis and Kodiak bear, U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
  40. ↑Wolverine, Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
  41. ↑Least weasel, Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
  42. ↑American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
  43. ↑Guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi, formerly A. townsendi.
  44. 12Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  45. ↑Moose, Alces americanus: North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] - as North American A. americanus (distinct from Eurasian elk A. alces).Alces alces: IUCN Red List,[7] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  46. ↑Elk, Cervus canadensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (species list from the database).Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (Field Guide), Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - as "worldwide" C. elaphus (not North American C. canadensis.)
  47. ↑Caribou, Rangifer tarandus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou, R. caribou, barren-ground caribou, R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
  48. ↑Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  49. ↑Pygmy beaked whale: Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI:[33] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
  50. ↑Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  51. ↑House mouse: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - only general range description.
  52. 12Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  53. ↑Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  54. ↑European rabbit: Baker et al. 2003.[3]Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - range not clear (islands on Pacific Coast).Introduced to Hawaii.[37]
  55. ↑Sus scrofa: Baker et al. 2003[3] - feral pig or wild boar, Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - wild boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - wild boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List[7] - wild boar - introduced.
  56. 123456Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  57. ↑Barbary sheep - free ranging.[52][53]
  58. ↑Blackbuck - free ranging.[52][53][54][55]
  59. ↑Nilgai - semi-free-ranging[52]/free-ranging.[53]
  60. ↑Bezoar ibex - free-ranging: Florida Mountains near DemingNew Mexico.[54]
  61. ↑Gemsbok - free ranging.[57][54]
  62. ↑Chital - free-ranging.[52]
  63. ↑Red deer, elaphus division (not canadensis division) - introduced[6]
  64. ↑Sambar - free ranging.[53]

References

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  4. 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
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  15. ↑Musser, G. G.; Carleton, M. D. (2005). "Microtus (see comments) mexicanus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  16. 12Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan(PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
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  20. ↑Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  21. ↑Morgan, Gary S.; Emslie, Steven D. (2010). "Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida"(PDF). Quaternary International. 217 (1–2): 143–158. Bibcode:2010QuInt.217..143M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.030. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  22. 12Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  23. ↑Medellín, R. (2016). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T136659A21988965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136659A21988965.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  24. ↑Rosa, Carlos L. de la; Nocke, Claudia C. (2010-06-28). A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78951-7.
  25. ↑Lucherini, M. (2015). "Cerdocyon thous". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T4248A81266293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4248A81266293.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  26. ↑Nowak, Ronald E. (January 7, 2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. JHU Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-8018-8033-5.
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  29. ↑Trillmich, F. (2015). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T41668A45230540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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  53. 123456Bowers, Nora; Bowers, Rick; Kaufmann, Kenn (2004). Mammals of North America. Kaufman focus guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168. ISBN 0-618-15313-6. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
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Further reading

  • Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
  • Burt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
  • Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice & Clyde Jones (1 December 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003"(PDF). Occasional Papers (229). Museum of Texas Tech University. ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved 9 March 2014.

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