Itihasa-Purana

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In Hinduism, Itihasa-Purana, also called the fifth Veda,[1][2][3] refers to the traditional accounts of cosmogeny, myths, royal genealogies of the lunar dynasty and solar dynasty, and legendary past events,[web 1] as narrated in the Itihasa (Mahabharata and the Ramayana)[1] and the Puranas.[1] They are highly influential in Indian culture, and many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the Itihasa.[4] The Epic-Puranic chronology derived from the Itihasa-Purana is an influential frame of reference in traditional Indian thought.

Etymology

Itihāsa, इतिहास, derives from the phrase iti ha āsaइति ह आस, which means "so indeed it was".[5]

Purana, /pʊˈrɑːnə/; Sanskrit: पुराण, purāṇa literally means "ancient, old."[web 2][3]

Characterisation

Itihasa refers to the Sanskrit Epics of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.[1] The Puranas are a vast genre of Hindu literature about a wide range of topics, particularly about cosmogony, myths, legends and purported history.[6] Together they are also called the fifth Veda,[1][2][3] "the Holy Book of the masses who were not entitled to study the four Vedas."[1]

The tradition of Itihāsa is generally understood to be developed by the bardic tradition of Sūtas and Cāraṇas whose duties consisted of composing royal eulogies.[7]

In the mythical narratives of the Itihasa-Purana there is no clear distinction between mythology, hagiography and historiography.[2] The Indian tradition regards the Itihasa-Purana as authoritative historical writings, documenting past events[1] and prescribing dharma, the right way to live.[8] The Itihasa-Purana forms the basis for the Epic-Puranic chronology, the traditional timeline of legendary history. The Mahabharata includes the story of the Kurukshetra War and preserves the traditions of the Lunar dynasty in the form of embedded tales. The Ramayana contains the story of Rama and is incidentally related to the legends of the Solar dynasty. The Puranas provide the idea of yugas and the Dashavatara, the ten incarnations of Vishnu in the four respective yugas.

Cosmogony and cyclic time (Yugas)

Yuga

According to the Hindu texts, time is cyclic. The history of mankind is divided into four ages—Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga—collectively forming one Maha Yuga. Seventy-one Maha Yugas form a Manvantara ("age of Manu"), a period of time over which a "Manu" presides. For the duration of his period, each Manu is the archetypal first man, the progenitor of humanity, and also the first king and lawgiver. Along with a Manu, every Manvantara also has its own set of Indra, gods and the seven sages. Fourteen Manus reign in Kalpa, (a single day in the life ofBrahma), an equivalent of 1,000 Maha Yugas, at the end of which, the creation is destroyed and is followed by a Pralaya (dissolution) of equal length. The creation starts again, in the next Kalpa in an endless cycle of creations and dissolutions.

Dashavatara

يشير مصطلح داشافاتارا إلى التجسدات العشرة الأساسية (أي الكاملة) للإله فيشنو ، إله الحفظ الهندوسي ذي الأصول الريجفيدا . ويُقال إن فيشنو ينزل في صورة أفاتار لإعادة النظام الكوني. كلمة داشافاتارا مشتقة من داشا ، وتعني "عشرة"، وأفاتار ( أفاتارا ) ، والتي تُعادل تقريبًا "التجسد".

توجد نسخ مختلفة من قائمة تجسدات فيشنو، تختلف باختلاف المنطقة والتقاليد. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] تذكر بعض القوائم كريشنا باعتباره التجسد الثامن وبوذا باعتباره التجسد التاسع، [ 9 ] بينما تذكر قوائم أخرى - مثل ياتيندراماتاديبكا ، وهو ملخص من القرن السابع عشر لعقيدة سريفايشنافا [ 11 ] - بالاراما باعتباره التجسد الثامن وكريشنا باعتباره التجسد التاسع. [ 11 ] يتبع بعض أتباع فيشنو النسخة الأخيرة، فهم لا يقبلون بوذا كتجسد لفيشنو. [ 13 ] على الرغم من أنه لا يمكن تقديم أي قائمة بشكل قاطع كمعيار، فإن "القائمة الأكثر قبولًا الموجودة في البورانات والنصوص الأخرى هي [...] كريشنا، بوذا". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ ملاحظة 1 ]

يلخص الجدول التالي موقع الأفاتار داخل داشافاتارا في العديد من التقاليد ولكن ليس جميعها: [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 19 ]

موضعكريشنا، بوذا (قائمة مشتركة) [ 10 ] [ ملاحظة 1 ] [ ملاحظة 2 ]بالاراما، كريشنا ( الفيشنافيون ) [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ ملاحظة 3 ]بالاراما، بوذا [ 20 ] [ ملاحظة 4 ] [ ملاحظة 5 ]كريشنا، فيثوبا [ 19 ] [ ملاحظة 6 ]بالاراما، جاغاناثا [ 21 ] [ الملاحظة 7 ]يوجا [ 10 ]
1Matsya[10][11](fish; saves Manu Vaivasvata)Satya Yuga[10]
2Kurma[10][11](turtle, tortoise)
3Varaha[10][11](boar, wild swine)
4Narasimha[10][11](man-lion)
5Vamana[10][11](dwarf-god)Treta Yuga[10]
6Parashurama[10][11](Brahman warrior)
7Rama[10][11][note 8]
8Krishna[10][note 4]Balarama[10][12][11]Balarama[20][note 4]Krishna[19]Balarama[21][12]Dvapara Yuga,[10]Kali Yuga in case of Buddha[10]
9Buddha[10][note 1]Krishna[10][12][11]Buddha[20][note 1]Vithoba[19]Jagannatha[21][12]
10Kalki[10][11](prophesied 10th avatar who ends the Kali Yuga)Kali Yuga

Royal genealogies

The Solar Dynasty and Lunar dynasty were two legendary principal dynasties of the Kshatriyasvarna, or warrior–ruler class mentioned in the ancient Indian texts. They trace their origin to Vaivasvata Manu, who presides over the present, seventh manvatara.

According to Harivamsa, Ikshvaku was the son of Vaivasvata Manu, and the primogenitor of the Suryavamsha, or the Solar Dynasty, and was granted the kingdom of Aryavarta by his father Vaivasvata Manu. Vaivasvata Manu settled down in the Aryavarta region after he survived the Great Flood that ended the sixth mamanvatara. A. K. Mozumdar states that Manu is the one who built a city on the Sarayu (the river that his mother Sanjana was the goddess of) and called it Ayodhya, meaning the 'invincible city'. This city served as the capital of many kings from the solar dynasty and is also believed to be the birthplace of Rama.[24]

The Lunar dynasty (IAST: Candravaṃśa) is said to be descended from moon-related deities (Soma or Chandra).[25] According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, Pururavas was the son of Budha (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity Ila (born as the daughter of Manu).[26] Pururavas's great-grandson was Yayati, who had five sons named Yadu, Turvasu, Druhyu, Anu, and Puru. These seem to be the names of five Vedic tribes as described in the Vedas.[27]

Influence on classical Indian poetry

Many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the Itihasa.[4] The rules of classical Indian poetics prescribe that the themes of the mahakavyas[28][29] (ornate epics) and natakas[30] (drama) should primarily be selected from the itihasa. In accordance, great mahakavyas such as Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa, Kumaradasa’s Janaki-harana, Bhatti's Ravanavadha (or Bhattikavya) have drawn their themes from the Ramayana, and Bharavi’s Kiratarjuniya, Magha’s Sisupalavadha and Sriharsa's Naisadhiyacarita from the Mahabharata.

Historical consciousness

The belief that South Asian society lacked historical consciousness until colonial times persists, as colonial writers like Robert Orme and James Mill argued that rational, factual history emerged in India only with the British Raj. They claimed pre-colonial Indian history, seen as mythic, did not meet modern standards because it was too formulaic and lacked historical context. But this notion has also been challenged.[31] Kumkum Chatterjee, focused on a vernacular tradition of Itihasa/Purana in early modern Bengal, argued that these narratives are based on historical experiences derived from Mughal rule in Bengal and much of India during the 17th and 18th centuries.[32] Puranas have evolved over time, constantly updated to reflect changing social conditions. They traditionally cover creation myths, cosmic cycles, genealogies, divine exploits, and royal histories, but they also include additional content like sectarian deities and social norms.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. 1234Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu:
    Krishna, Buddha
    Printed sources
    • Bansal 2005, p. 27, "Vishnu Dashavatara".
    • Dalal 2010, p. 112, "Dashavatara". Dalal: "The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: [...] Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki";
    • Doniger O'Flaherty 1994, p. 175. Doniger: "Visnu is generally said to have had ten incarnations [...] Krsna [...] the Buddha."
    • Flood 1996, p. 175. Flood: "...by the eight century the standard number of descent-forms in the Vaisnava Puranas is ten. These are [...] Krsna, Buddha."
    • Klostermaier 2007, "Visnu Avataras". Klostermaier: "The most common tradition speaks of ten such avataras [...] Krsna [...] Buddha."
    • Krishna 2010, pp. 28–29. Krishna: "Krishna [...] Buddha [...] There is a difference of opinion as to whether Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu [...] The alternative then is Balarama, Rama of the plough and elder brother of Krishna, who is listed after Rama, thereby removing Buddha and making Krishna the ninth incarnation."
    • Leeming 2001, p. 19, "Avatar".
    • Lochtefeld 2001, p. 73, "Avatar". Lochtefeld: "Although there is some variation in the list of Vishnu's Avatars, the generally accepted list is as follows [...] Krishna, Buddha."
    • Vaswani 2017, pp. 12–14.
    • Wuaku 2013, p. 148.
    Balarama, Buddha
    Web-sources
    Unspecified
    • Holt, John Clifford (2008), The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, p.14-15; p.372 note 9 refers to four Purana's which mention the Buddha in 9th position: Varaha Purana 4.2; Matsya Purana 285.6-7; Agni Purana 49.8; Bhagavata Purana X.40.22 and I.3.
    Krishna/Balarama, Buddha
  2. ↑Leyden: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.[12]
  3. ↑Leyden: Southern Deccan, Mysore.[12]
  4. 123The Hare Krsnas, Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.
  5. ↑Leyden: Rajasthan, Nepal, Northern Deccan.[12]
  6. ↑Maharashtra, Goa.[19]
  7. ↑Mukherjee: Orissa;[21] Leyden: West Bengal.[12]
  8. ↑Donald J. LaRocca, Metropolitan Museum of Art, describes a katar with Rama-Krishna-Buddha, referring to Rama as Ramachandra, or alternately Balarama.[22] Yet, Hoiberg specifically states that Rama, as an avatar of Vishnu, is Ramachandra.[23]

References

  1. 1234567Klostermaier (2007), p. 59.
  2. 123Flood (1996), p. 104.
  3. 123Debroy (2014), p. 7.
  4. 12Pargiter (1922).
  5. ↑www.wisdomlib.org. "Itihasa, Itihāsa, Iti-hasa: 27 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 29 November 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
  6. ↑Bailey 2001, pp. 437–439.
  7. ↑Goldman (2018).
  8. ↑Samarpan (2017).
  9. 12Wuaku 2013, p. 148.
  10. 123456789101112131415161718192021Vaswani 2017, pp. 12–14.
  11. 123456789101112131415Carman 1994, pp. 211–212.
  12. 12345678910Leyden 1982, p. 22.
  13. ↑Krishna 2009.
  14. ↑Dalal 2010, p. 112.
  15. ↑Lochtefeld 2001, p. 73.
  16. ↑Doniger O'Flaherty 1994, p. 175.
  17. ↑Klostermaier 2007.
  18. ↑Krishna 2010, pp. 28–29.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 باثاك، أرونشاندرا س. (2006) [1885]. "جونار" . قسم المعاجم الجغرافية، حكومة ولاية ماهاراشترا. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 أكتوبر 2009. تم الاطلاع عليه في 3 نوفمبر 2008 .
  20. 1 2 3 ناجاسوامي 2010 ، ص. 27.
  21. 1 2 3 4 موخيرجي 1981 ، ص 155.
  22. ↑ لاروكا 1996 ، ص 4.
  23. ↑ هويبرغ 2000 ، ص 264.
  24. ↑ مازومدار 2008 ، ص 161.
  25. ↑ باليوال، ب.ب. (2005). رسالة البورانات . دار دايموند بوكيت بوكس ​​المحدودة. ص 21. ISBN  978-8-12881-174-6.
  26. ↑ ثابار 2013 ، ص 308.
  27. ↑ أ. ك. واردر (1972). مقدمة في التأريخ الهندي . دار النشر الشعبية. ص 21-22 . 
  28. ↑ داندين، كافيدارشا، 1.15
  29. ^ فيسفاناثا كافيراجا، ساهيتياداربانا، VI.318
  30. ^ بهاراتا، ناتياساسترا، XVIII.10
  31. ↑ تشاتيرجي 2008 ، ص 513.
  32. ↑ تشاتيرجي 2008 ، ص 514.
  33. ↑ تشاتيرجي 2008 ، ص 515.

مصادر

مصادر مطبوعة
مصادر الويب
  1. ↑ "إتيهاسا ليست خيالًا" . ديفدوت . 3 يونيو 2017. تم الاطلاع عليه بتاريخ 11 مايو 2021 .
  2. ↑ موسوعة ميريام-ويبستر للأدب (طبعة 1995)، مقال عن البورانات، رقم ISBN 0-877790426، الصفحة 915

للمزيد من القراءة

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