Gifford Lectures

📅 آخر تحديث: ٣ أغسطس ٢٠٢٦
✍️ نُشر في: ٣ أغسطس ٢٠٢٦
الموسوعة الحرة

The Gifford Lectures (/ˈɡɪfərd/) are an annual series of lectures which were established in 1887 by the will of Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford at the four ancient universities of Scotland: St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Their purpose is to "promote and diffuse the study of natural theology in the widest sense of the term – in other words, the knowledge of God." A Gifford lectures appointment is one of the most prestigious honours in Scottish academia.[1][2][3]

University calendars record that at the four Scottish universities, the Gifford Lectures are to be "public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community (for a tuition fee[4]) without matriculation. Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral".[5] The lectures are normally presented as a series over an academic year and given with the intent that the edited content be published in book form. A number of these works have become classics in the fields of theology or philosophy and the relationship between religion and science.

In 1889, those attending the Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews were described as "mixed" and included women as well as male undergraduates.[6] The first woman appointed was Hannah Arendt who presented in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.[7]

A comparable lecture series is the John Locke Lectures, which are delivered annually at the University of Oxford.

List of lectures

Aberdeen

YearSpeaker(s)Lecture(s)[8]ISBN
1889–91E. B. TylorThe Natural History of Religion
1892–94Andrew Martin FairbairnThe Philosophy of the Christian Religion
1896–98James WardNaturalism and Agnosticism
1898–00Josiah RoyceThe World and the Individual
1904–06James AdamThe Religious Teachers of Greece
1907–08Hans DrieschThe Science and Philosophy of the Organism
1911–13Andrew Seth Pringle-PattisonThe Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy
1914–15William Ritchie SorleyMoral Values and the Idea of God
1927–29Ernest BarnesScientific Theory and Religion[9]ISBN 9780521730228 [10]
1930–32Etienne GilsonThe Spirit of Medieval Philosophy
1936–38Karl BarthThe Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
1939–40Arthur Darby NockHellenistic Religion - The Two Phases
1949–50Gabriel MarcelThe Mystery of Being and Faith and RealityISBN 1-890318-85-XISBN 1-890318-86-8
1951–52Michael PolanyiPersonal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical PhilosophyISBN 0-226-67288-3
1953–54Paul TillichSystematic Theology (3 vols.)ISBN 0-226-80337-6ISBN 0-226-80338-4ISBN 0-226-80339-2
1963–65Alister HardyThe Living Stream and The Divine Flame
1965–67Raymond AronLa Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action
1970–72Arend Theordore van LeeuwenThe Critique of Heaven and Earth
1972–74Hannah ArendtLife of the Mind
1982–84Richard SwinburneThe Evolution of the SoulISBN 0-19-823698-0
1984–85Freeman DysonInfinite In All DirectionsISBN 0-06-072889-2
1989–91Ian BarbourReligion in an Age of ScienceISBN 0-06-060383-6
1992–93Jaroslav PelikanChristianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With HellenismISBN 0-300-06255-9
1994–95John W. RogersonFaith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894
M. A. StewartNew Light and Enlightenment
Peter JonesScience and Religion before and after Hume
James H. BurnsThe Order of Nature
Alexander BroadieThe Shadow of Scotus
1997–98Russell StannardThe God Experiment
2000–01John S. HabgoodThe Concept of Nature
2003Eleonore StumpWandering in the Darkness
2003–04John HaldaneMind, Soul and Deity
2007Stephen PattisonSeeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual ArtefactsISBN 978-0-334-04149-8
2009Alister McGrathA Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and TheologyISBN 978-0-664-23310-5
2012Sarah CoakleySacrifice Regained: Evolution, Cooperation and God
2014David N. LivingstoneDealing with Darwin: Place, Politics and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with EvolutionISBN 978-1-421-41326-6
2016Mona SiddiquiStruggle, Suffering and Hope: Explorations in Islamic and Christian TraditionsISBN 978-1-316-51854-0
2017David NovakAthens and Jerusalem: God, Humans, and NatureISBN 978-1-487-50617-9
2018N. T. WrightDiscerning the Dawn: History, Eschatology and New Creation, published as History and Eschatology: Jesus and the Promise of Natural Theology, 2019ISBN 978-1-4813-0962-2
2022John DupréA Brief History of Form
Tim WhitmarshReligion and Ancient Mediterranean Thought
Lisa SiderisUnnatural Theology in the Anthropocene
Robert McCauleyReligions and their Cognitive Kin
John Witte Jr.A New Calvinist Reformation of Rights
2024Miri RubinThe Feminine and the Religious Imagination
2025Miroslav VolfAmor Mundi: God and the Character of Our Relation to the World
2026Jeremy BegbieTBC
TBDCatherine PickstockTBC

Edinburgh

YearSpeaker(s)Lecture(s)[11]ISBN
1889–90James Hutchison StirlingPhilosophy and Theology
1891George Gabriel StokesNatural Theology
1892–94Otto PfleidererPhilosophy and Development of Religion
1896–98Cornelis TieleOn the Elements of the Science of ReligionISBN 0-404-60480-3
1900–02William JamesThe Varieties of Religious ExperienceISBN 0-679-64011-8
1909–10William Warde FowlerThe Religious Experience of the Roman PeopleISBN 0-8154-0372-0
1911–12Bernard BosanquetThe Principle of Individuality and ValueISBN 0-527-10036-6
1913–14Henri BergsonThe Problem of Personality
1915–16William Mitchell RamsayAsianic Elements in Greek CivilizationISBN 0-89005-173-9
1919–21George StoutMind and Matter pub. 1931
1921–23Andrew Seth Pringle-PattisonStudies in the Philosophy of ReligionISBN 0-404-60474-9
1923–35James George FrazerThe Worship of NatureISBN 1-56459-532-3
1926–27Arthur EddingtonThe Nature of the Physical WorldISBN 0-472-06015-5
1927–28Alfred North WhiteheadProcess and Reality: An Essay in CosmologyISBN 0-02-934570-7
1928–29John DeweyThe Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and ActionISBN 1-4179-0845-9
1934–35Albert SchweitzerThe Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics (unpublished)
1937–38Charles SherringtonMan on His NatureISBN 0-521-06436-8
1938–40Reinhold NiebuhrThe Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation ISBN 0-664-25709-7
1947–49Christopher DawsonVol. 1 Religion and Culture Vol. 2 Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (1950)ISBN 0-404-60498-6ISBN 0-385-42110-9
1949–50Niels BohrCausality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic PhysicsISBN 1-881987-14-0
1950–52Charles Earle RavenNatural Religion and Christian Theology
1952–53Arnold J. ToynbeeAn Historian's Approach to ReligionISBN 0-19-215260-2
1954–55Rudolf BultmannHistory and Eschatology: The Presence of EternityISBN 0-8371-8123-2
1961–62John BaillieThe Sense of the Presence of GodArchived 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
1970–71Eric Lionel MascallThe Openness of BeingISBN 0-232-51159-4
1973–74Owen ChadwickThe Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th CenturyISBN 0-521-39829-0
1974–76Stanley JakiThe Road of Science and the Ways to GodISBN 0-226-39145-0
1978–79Sir John EcclesThe Human Mystery and The Human PsycheISBN 0-387-09954-9
1979–80Ninian SmartThe Varieties of Religious Identity, published as Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western CivilisationISBN 0-06-067402-4
1980–81Seyyed Hossein NasrKnowledge and the SacredISBN 0-7914-0177-4
1981–82Iris MurdochMetaphysics as a Guide to MoralsISBN 0-14-017232-7
1983–84David DaichesGod and the PoetsISBN 0-19-812825-8
1984–85Jurgen MoltmannGod in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of GodISBN 0-8006-2823-3
1985–86Paul RicoeurOneself as anotherISBN 0-226-71329-6
1986–87John HickAn Interpretation of ReligionISBN 0-300-10668-8
1987–88Alasdair MacIntyreThree Rival Versions of Moral EnquiryISBN 0-7156-2337-0
1988–89Raimon PanikkarTrinity and TheismISBN 978-1-57075-855-3
1989–90Mary DouglasClaims on God: published (much revised) as In the WildernessISBN 1-85075-444-6
1991–92Annemarie SchimmelDeciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to IslamISBN 978-0791419823
1992–93Martha C. NussbaumUpheavals of Thought: A Theory of the Emotions
1993–94John PolkinghorneScience and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up ThinkerISBN 0-281-04714-6
1995–96G. A. CohenIf you're an Egalitarian, how come you're so Rich?ISBN 0-674-00693-3
1996–97Richard SorabjiEmotions and How to Cope with Them, published as Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian TemptationISBN 0-19-825005-3
1997–98Holmes Rolston IIIGenes, Genesis and GodISBN 0-521-64674-X
1998–99Charles TaylorLiving in a Secular Age, published as A Secular AgeISBN 0-674-02676-4
1999–00David TracyThis side of God
2000–01Onora O'NeillAutonomy and Trust in Bioethics
2001–02Mohammed ArkounInaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason
2002–03Michael IgnatieffThe Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of TerrorISBN 0-691-11751-9
2003–04J. Wentzel van HuyssteenAlone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and TheologyISBN 0-8028-3246-6
2004–05Margaret AnsteeStephen ToulminNoam ChomskyDelivered a series of lectures dedicated to Edward Said who was scheduled to give the 2004–05 series before his death in 2003
2005–06Jean Bethke ElshtainSovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self
2006–07Simon Conway MorrisDarwin 's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation
Jonathan Riley-SmithThe Crusades and Christianity
2007–08Alexander Nehamas"Because it was he, because it was I": Friendship and Its Place in Life
2008Robert M. VeatchHipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict
2008–09Diana EckThe Age of Pluralism [April–May 2009]
2009–10Michael GazzanigaMental Life [October 2009]
Terry EagletonThe God Debate [March 2010]
2010–11Peter HarrisonScience, Religion and the Modern World, published as The Territories of Science and ReligionISBN 978-0226184487
Gordon BrownThe Future of Jobs and Justice
2011–12Lord Sutherland of HoundwoodDavid Hume and Civil Society
Diarmaid MacCullochSilence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog
Jim Al-KhaliliAlan Turing: Legacy of a Code Breaker – one-off joint lecture between the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the School of Informatics
2012–13Bruno Latour"Once Out of Nature" - Natural Religion as a Pleonasm
Steven PinkerThe Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity[12]
2013–14Onora O'NeillFrom Toleration to Freedom of Expression
Rowan WilliamsMaking representations: religious faith and the habits of language
Catherine O'Regan"What is Caesar's?" Adjudicating faith in modern constitutional democracies
2014–15Jeremy WaldronOne Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality
Helga NowotnyBeyond Innovation. Temporalities. Re-use. Emergence.
2015–16Kathryn TannerChristianity and the New Spirit of Capitalism
2016–17Richard EnglishNationalism, Terrorism and Religion
Jeffrey StoutReligion Unbound: Ideals and Powers from Cicero to King
2017–18Agustín FuentesWhy We Believe: evolution, making meaning, and the development of human natures
Elaine Howard EcklundScience and Religion in Global Public Life
2018–19Mary BeardThe Ancient World and Us: From Fear and Loathing to Enlightenment and Ethics
2019–20Michael WelkerIn God's Image: Anthropology
2020–21David HemptonNetworks, Nodes, and Nuclei in the History of Christianity, c. 1500-2020
2021–22Susan NeimanHeroism for a Time of Victims
2022–23John DupréA Process Perspective on Human Life
2023–24Cornel WestA Jazz-soaked Philosophy for our Catastrophic Times: From Socrates to Coltrane
2024–25Alexandra WalshamReligious Movements: Motion and Emotion in Early Modern Christian History
2025–26Paula FredriksenThe Conversions of Christianity
2026–27Alondra NelsonTBC

Glasgow

YearSpeaker(s)Lecture(s)[13]ISBN
1888–92Friedrich Max Müller1888: Natural Religion Vol. 1 & 2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion
1892–96John CairdThe Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol. 1 & 2
1896–98Alexander Balmain BruceThe Moral Order of the World and The Providential Order of the World
1900–02Edward CairdThe Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers
1914Arthur BalfourTheism and HumanismISBN 1-58742-005-8
1916–18Samuel AlexanderSpace, Time, and DeityISBN 0-7661-8701-2ISBN 0-7661-8702-0
1922Arthur BalfourTheism and Thought
1927–28J. S. HaldaneThe Sciences and PhilosophyISBN 0-404-60479-X
1932–34William TempleNature, Man and God
1952–54John MacmurrayThe Form of the Personal Vol.1 & 2: The Self as Agent and Persons in RelationISBN 1-57392-337-0ISBN 1-57392-625-6
1959Carl Friedrich von WeizsäckerThe Relevance of Science
1965Herbert ButterfieldHistorical Writing and Christian Beliefs and Human Beliefs and the Development of Historical Writing[14]
1970Richard William SouthernThe Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought
1974-76Basil MitchellMorality, Religious and Secular
1981Stephen R. L. ClarkFrom Athens to Jerusalem
1985Carl SaganThe Search for Who We AreISBN 1-59420-107-2
1986Donald M. MacKayBehind the Eye[15]
1988Don CupittNature and Culture
Richard DawkinsWorlds in Microcosm
1992Mary WarnockImagination and Understanding, published as Imagination and TimeISBN 0-631-19019-8
1993–94Keith WardReligion and RevelationISBN 978-0-19-826375-3
1995–96Geoffrey CantorJohn Hedley BrookeReconstructing Nature
1997–98R. J. BerryGods, Genes, Greens and Everything
1999–00Ralph McInernyCharacters in Search of Their Author
2001Lynne BakerBrian HebblethwaitePhilip Johnson-LairdGeorge LakoffMichael RuseThe Nature and Limits of Human Understanding
2003–04Simon BlackburnReason's Empire
2005Lenn GoodmanAbdulaziz SachedinaJohn E. HareThou Shall Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself
2007–08David FergussonReligion and Its Recent Critics published as Faith and Its Critics: A ConversationISBN 978-0-19-956938-0
2008–09Charles TaylorThe Necessity of Secularist Regimes
2009–10Gianni VattimoThe End of Reality
2012Vilayanur RamachandranBody and Mind: Insights from Neuroscience
2014Jean-Luc MarionGivenness and Revelation
2015Perry Schmidt-LeukelInterreligious Theology: The Future Shape of Theology
2016Sean M. CarrollThe Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself
2018Judith ButlerMy Life, Your Life: Equality and the Philosophy of Non-Violence
2019Kevin HartPhilosophia and Religions
Mark PagelWired for Culture: The Origins of the Human Social Mind, or Why Humans Occupied the World
2020 T.J. ClarkHeaven on Earth: Painting and the Life to Come
2022Manthia DiawaraTerri GeisTowards a New Sacred
Jack HalberstamCollapse, Demolition, and the Queer Geographies and Unworlding: An Aesthetics of Collapse
2023Mark WilliamsThe Japanese Religious Melting Pot and the Significance of Christianity
Jean-Luc MarionKevin HartRevelation and Contemplation
2025Jochen SchmidtPrecarious Humility, Word Crises and World Crises

St Andrews

YearSpeaker(s)Lecture(s)[16]ISBN
1889–90Andrew LangThe Making of Religion[17]
1890–92Edward CairdThe Evolution of Religion
1894–96Lewis CampbellReligion in Greek Literature
1899–01Rodolfo LancianiNew Tales of Old Rome
1902–04Richard HaldaneThe Pathway to RealityISBN 0-404-60459-5
1907–09James WardThe Realm of Ends or Pluralism and Theism
1911–13James George FrazerThe Belief in Immortality
1914–16J. A. ThomsonThe System of Animate Nature
1917–19William Ralph IngeThe Philosophy of PlotinusISBN 1-59244-284-6
1919–20Lewis Richard FarnellGreek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality
1921–22C. Lloyd MorganEmergent Evolution (1923) and Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925)ISBN 0-404-60468-4
1924–25Lewis Richard FarnellThe Attributes of God
1926–28Alfred Edward TaylorThe faith of a moralist, The Theological Implications of Morality; Natural Theology and the Positive Religions (1930)
1929–30Charles GoreThe Philosophy of the Good Life (1930)
1930–32Robert Ranulph MarettFaith, Hope & Charity in Primitive Religion
1935–36Hensley HensonChristian Morality
1936–37Werner JaegerThe Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers (1936)
1937–38William G. de BurghFrom Morality to Religion
1938Joseph BidezPlato and the Orient
1939–40Richard KronerThe Primacy of Faith
1946–48Emil BrunnerChristianity and Civilisation
1949–50Herbert James PatonThe Modern Predicament
1951–53Brand BlanshardReason, Belief and Goodness
1953–55C. A. CampbellOn Selfhood and Godhood
1955–56Werner HeisenbergPhysics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern ScienceISBN 1-57392-694-9
1959–60Georg Henrik von WrightNorm and Action (1963)[18] and The Varieties of Goodness (1963)[19]
1962–64Henry ChadwickAuthority in the Early Church
1964–66John FindlayThe Discipline of the Cave (1966), and The Transcendence of the Cave (1967)ISBN 978-0-04-111002-9
1967–69Robert Charles ZaehnerConcordant Discord. The Interdependence of Faiths.
1969–71William Homan ThorpeAnimal Nature and Human Nature
1972–73Alfred AyerThe Central Questions of PhilosophyISBN 0-03-013116-2
1975–77Reijer HooykaasFact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science
1977–78David Stafford-ClarkMyth, Magic and Denial
1979–80Frederick CoplestonReligion and the One: Philosophies East and West
1980–81Gregory VlastosSocrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
1982–83Donald Geoffrey CharltonNew Images of the Natural, 1750-1800
1983–84John MacquarrieIn Search of Deity
1984–85Adolf GrünbaumPsychoanalytic Theory and Science
1986–87Antony FlewThe Logic of Mortality
1988–89Walter BurkertTracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense
1990–91Hilary PutnamRenewing Philosophy
1992–93Arthur PeacockeNature, God and Humanity
Roger PenroseThe Question of Physical Reality
1995Nicholas WolterstorffThomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
1996–97Michael DummettThought and Reality
1998–99Robert Merrihew AdamsGod and Being
Marilyn McCord AdamsThe Coherence of Christology
2000–01Stanley HauerwasWith the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural TheologyISBN 1-58743-016-9
2002Peter van InwagenThe Problem of EvilISBN 978-0-19-954397-7
2004–05Alvin PlantingaScience and Religion: Conflict or Concord
2007Martin Rees21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges
2010Roger ScrutonThe Face of God
2012Denis AlexanderGenes, Determinism and God
2015Linda ZagzebskiExemplarist Virtue Theory published as Exemplarist Moral TheoryISBN 978-0-19-065584-6
2017Michael ReaThough the Darkness Hide Thee: Seeking the Face of the Invisible God
2019Mark JohnstonOntotheology as Antidote for Idolatry
2021Oliver O'DonovanThe Disappearance of Ethics[20]
2024Clare CarlisleTranscendence for Beginners: Life Writing and Philosophy
2026John SwintonThe Symptom’s Secret: An Apocalyptic Theology of Mental Health

Support from Templeton Religion Trust

Established at the behest of John Templeton, the Gifford Lectures website was designed to increase the strategic impact of the Gifford program. Developed and managed by Templeton Press through May 2021, the website is now managed through a grant from Templeton Religion Trust.

References

  1. ↑Long, Eugene Thomas (1988). "Lord Gifford and his Lectures: The First Year (1888-1889)". Studies in Scottish Literature. 23 (1).
  2. ↑Spurway, Neil (2013). "Gifford Lectures". Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. pp. 935–938. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_471. ISBN 978-1-4020-8264-1.
  3. ↑"HDS Dean Hempton to Deliver Prestigious Gifford Lectures". Harvard Divinity School. 29 September 2021.
  4. ↑"100 Years of Lectures on Natural Theology - Lord Adam Gifford's Will TRUST DISPOSITION and SETTLEMENT of the late Adam Gifford, sometime one of the Senators of the College of Justice, Scotland, dated 21st August 1885". The Gifford Lectures. 8 September 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2022. I [Lord Adam Gifford] suggest that the fee should be as small as is consistent with the due management of the lectureships, and the due appreciation of the lectures. Besides a general and popular audience, I advise that the lecturers also have a special class of students conducted in the usual way, and instructed by examination and thesis, written and oral.
  5. ↑The St. Andrews University Calendar for the Year 1922. University of St Andrews. 1922. p. 46. ...the lectures are to be public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community without matriculation...Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral.
  6. ↑Hutchinson-Boyd, A. (1892). 25 Years At St Andrews. p. 324-26. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Our First Gifford Lecturer [at the University of St Andrews - Andrew Lang] - ...a large mixed audience, men and women, undergraduates and grown-ups and aged folk...
  7. ↑Addison, Sam (n.d.). "Home :: Lecturers & Authors :: Hannah Arendt". The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 25 February 2021. Arendt, the first female Gifford Lecturer, delivered her lectures in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.
  8. ↑"The Gifford Lectures". abdn.ac.uk. University of Aberdeen. 30 May 2026.
  9. ↑"Ernest William Barnes: Bishop of Birmingham". The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  10. ↑"Ernest William Barnes: Scientific Theory and Religion - The World Described by Science and Its Spiritual Interpretation". Google Books. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  11. ↑"Gifford Lectures". ed.ac.uk. University of Edinburgh. 28 August 2024.
  12. ↑"2012-13 Gifford Lecture". Professor Steven Pinker: "The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity". University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science website. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  13. ↑"The Glasgow Gifford Lectures". gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow. 30 May 2026.
  14. ↑"Herbert Butterfield". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  15. ↑Gifford Lectures website entry; retrieved: 2013-08-04Archived 2013-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑"The St Andrews Gifford Lectures". st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews. 30 May 2026.
  17. ↑Kahan, D. (18 August 2014). "The Gifford Lectures". The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 31 January 2022. Andrew Lang - The Making of Religion - 1889 to 1890 University of St. Andrews
  18. ↑"Norm and Action". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  19. ↑"Gifford Lecture Series - Books". 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  20. ↑"Gifford lectures 2021". The St Andrews Gifford Lectures. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-28.

Bibliography

  • Stanley Jaki, Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect (1987). Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7073-0465-2.
  • Larry Witham, The Measure of God: Our Century-Long Struggle to Reconcile Science & Religion (2005), HarperSanFrancisco hardcover: ISBN 0-06-059191-9; reprinted as The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion (2006), paperback: ISBN 0-06-085833-8.