قائمة المكتبات المدمرة

تعرضت المكتبات للتدمير أو التلف الشديد، سواء كان ذلك عمداً أو عن طريق الخطأ. وفي بعض الأحيان، يتم تدمير المكتبة عمداً كشكل من أشكال الإبادة الثقافية . ^{[ 1 ]}

هناك أمثلة على مكتبات دُمرت عن طريق الخطأ بفعل الإنسان. وأخرى تضررت بسبب الكوارث الطبيعية مثل الزلازل والفيضانات أو الحرائق العرضية.

لقد وقعت حرائق المكتبات بشكل متقطع عبر القرون: ومن الأمثلة البارزة تدمير مكتبة الإسكندرية ، وتدمير مكتبة نالاندا في الهند، والحرق العرضي لمكتبة الدوقة آنا أماليا في فايمار بألمانيا.

الأسباب والوقاية

في الماضي، كان يُعتبر العفن مشكلة رئيسية في العديد من المكتبات، ولذا كان التركيز في تصميم المكتبات ينصب على زيادة تدفق الهواء، على سبيل المثال، من خلال ترك فتحات أسفل الرفوف في الطوابق المتجاورة. في حالة نشوب حريق، وخاصةً إذا بدأ في أي طابق باستثناء الطابق العلوي، فإن اللهب سينتقل من طابق إلى آخر بفعل تدفق الهواء، مما يؤدي بسهولة إلى تدمير المكتبة بأكملها بدلاً من جزء صغير منها فقط. ^{[ 2 ]}

ساهمت التطورات التكنولوجية في الحد من احتمالية تعرض مجموعات المكتبات للتلف جراء الحرائق. وتشمل هذه التطورات رشاشات المياه، وأبواب الحريق ، والمجمدات، وأجهزة الإنذار، وكاشفات الدخان، وأنظمة إخماد الحرائق، ومولدات الطوارئ. عادةً ما تُجرى تعديلات على المكتبات القديمة بإغلاق فتحات التهوية وتركيب أبواب الحريق وأجهزة الإنذار ورشاشات المياه. كما يساهم تكييف الهواء في الحد من مشاكل العفن. وتُعد هذه العناصر جميعها أساسية في تصميم المكتبات الحديثة.

لا يمكن استعادة الكتاب المحترق، لذا يُفضّل إخماد الحريق بالماء ثم تجفيف الكتب. ولأن العفن يُتلف الورق، تُجمّد الكتب حتى تجف. هذه العملية تُلحق الضرر بالكتاب لكنها لا تُدمره، وتبقى المعلومات سليمة.

لتقليل احتمالية حدوث أضرار ناجمة عن الحرائق أو غيرها من الأسباب، وتقليص الوقت اللازم للتعافي بعد وقوع كارثة، تحتاج المكتبات إلى خطة لإدارة الكوارث والتعافي منها. ويمكن أن تكون هذه عملية مستمرة تشمل التطوير المهني للموظفين الرئيسيين لمواكبة التحديثات التقنية، وتدريب باقي الموظفين، وفحص وصيانة معدات الطوارئ، ومراجعة خطة إدارة الكوارث.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تُجرى تحقيقات دورية في مجال السلامة من الحرائق، لا سيما للمكتبات التاريخية. فعلى سبيل المثال، خضعت مكتبة الكونغرس لتفتيش استمر لمدة عام كامل بدءًا من عام 2000. وقبل صدور قانون المساءلة البرلمانية لعام 1995 ، كانت مكتبة الكونغرس وجميع مباني الكابيتول هيل معفاة من لوائح السلامة. ^{[ 3 ]} وقد أثبت تحقيق التوازن بين الحفاظ على التراث التاريخي ومعايير السلامة المعاصرة أنه مهمة صعبة، إذ "حتى عملية ترميم مكتبة الكونغرس التي استمرت 12 عامًا واكتملت في عام 1997 لم تعالج العديد من مخاطر الحريق". ^{[ 4 ]} ومع ذلك، وبعد تفتيش مكتب الامتثال، أعلنت مكتبة الكونغرس التزامها التام "بتحقيق أعلى مستوى ممكن من السلامة"، وأن " مهندس مبنى الكابيتول ومكتبة الكونغرس سيقدمان تقريرًا عن تقدمهما إلى مكتب الامتثال كل ثلاثة أشهر". ^{[ 3 ]}

تُعدّ تكنولوجيا المعلومات سببًا آخر لضرورة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية دقيقة ضد الحرائق. فمع وجود هذا العدد الكبير من أجهزة الحاسوب في المكتبات، "يقلّ حجم المساحة الأرضية، وتزداد أنظمة الحاسوب المدمجة والقوية"، مما يُولّد حرارة أكبر ويتطلب استخدام منافذ كهربائية أكثر، وبالتالي يزيد من مصادر الاشتعال المحتملة. ^{[ 5 ]} ومنذ خمسينيات القرن الماضي، تمّ إدراك المخاطر المحتملة لمعدات الحاسوب والمرافق التي تضمّها. ولذلك، في عام 1962، بدأت الجمعية الوطنية للحماية من الحرائق (NFPA) بوضع أولى معايير السلامة التي تُطبّق تحديدًا على أنظمة الحاسوب الإلكترونية. ^{[ 5 ]} يُعرف هذا المعيار باسم NFPA 75 لحماية معدات تكنولوجيا المعلومات. كما تُقدّم ورقة بيانات FM Global 5-32 معيارًا آخر يُوفّر إرشادات للحماية ليس فقط من الحرائق، بل أيضًا من المياه وانقطاع التيار الكهربائي، وغيرها. ^{[ 5 ]}

الفعل البشري

صورة	اسم المكتبة	مدينة	دولة	تاريخ التدمير	الجاني	سبب و/أو سرد التدمير
	مكتبة زيمري ليم	ماري	بلاد ما بين النهرين القديمة	1761 قبل الميلاد	حمورابي الإمبراطورية البابلية القديمة	غزا حمورابي المملكة وهزم زمري ليم في معركة حوالي عام 1761 قبل الميلاد ، منهيًا بذلك سلالة ليم. ^[⁶^] نجت ماري من الدمار وثارت على بابل حوالي عام 1759 قبل الميلاد ، مما دفع حمورابي إلى تدمير المدينة بأكملها. ^[⁷^]
	مكتبة آشوربانيبال	نينوى	الإمبراطورية الآشورية الحديثة	612 قبل الميلاد	تحالف البابليين والسكيثيين والميديين	دُمِّرت نينوى عام 612 قبل الميلاد على يد تحالفٍ ضمّ البابليين والسكيثيين والميديين، وهم شعبٌ إيرانيٌّ قديم. ويُعتقد أنه خلال حريق القصر، التهم حريقٌ هائلٌ المكتبة، مما أدى إلى احتراق الألواح الطينية المسمارية جزئيًا. وقد ساهم هذا الحدث، الذي كان من الممكن أن يكون مدمرًا، في الحفاظ على الألواح. وإلى جانب النصوص المنقوشة على الألواح الطينية، ربما نُقشت بعض النصوص على ألواحٍ شمعية، والتي فُقدت بسبب طبيعتها العضوية.
	قصر شيانيانغ ومحفوظات الدولة	شيانيانغ	تشين الصين	206 قبل الميلاد	شيانغ يو	قاد شيانغ يو، الذي ثار على الإمبراطور تشين إر شي ، قواته إلى شيانيانغ في عام 206 قبل الميلاد. وأمر بتدمير قصر شيانيانغ بالحرق. ^{[ 8 ]}
	مكتبة الإسكندرية	الإسكندرية	مصر الهلنستية مصر الرومانية	محل نزاع	محل نزاع	محل خلاف، ^{[ 9 ]}^{[ 10 ]} انظر تدمير مكتبة الإسكندرية .
	مكتبة لويانغ الإمبراطورية	لويانغ	هان تشاينا	189 ميلادي	دونغ تشو	أُحرقت أجزاء كبيرة من المدينة، بما في ذلك المكتبة الإمبراطورية، عمداً عندما تم نقل سكانها خلال عملية إجلاء. ^{[ 11 ]}^{[ 12 ]}^{: 460-461}
	مكتبة بانتاينوس	أثينا	اليونان الرومانية	267	هيرولي	تم تدميرها في عام 267 ميلادي خلال الغزو الهيرولياني، وفي القرن الخامس تم دمجها في مبنى كبير ذي أعمدة.
	مكتبة هادريان	أثينا	اليونان الرومانية	267	هيرولي	تضررت المكتبة بشدة جراء غزو هيرول عام 267، وقام الوالي هركوليوس بترميمها في الفترة ما بين 407 و412 ميلادي.
	مكتبة أنطاكية	أنطاكية	الإمبراطورية السلوقية، سوريا الرومانية	364	الإمبراطور جوفيان ^{[ 13 ]}	كانت المكتبة مليئة بالكتب بفضل مساعدة سلف الجاني غير المسيحي، الإمبراطور جوليان (المرتد) .
	مكتبة سيرابيوم	الإسكندرية	مصر الهلنستية مصر الرومانية	392	ثيوفيلوس الإسكندري	بعد تحويل معبد سيرابيس إلى كنيسة، تم تدمير المكتبة. ^{[ 14 ]}
	المكتبة اللاهوتية في قيسارية ماريتيما	قيسارية ماريتيما	فلسطين القديمة	639	استيلاء السراسنة على المدينة	"تم تدمير المبنى في الفتح الإسلامي لقيسارية في عام 639/640 م" ^{[ 15 ]}^{[ 16 ]}^{[ 17 ]}
	مكتبة الحكم الثاني	قرطبة	الأندلس	976	المنصور بن أبي عامر وعلماء الدين	تم تدمير جميع الكتب التي تتضمن "العلوم القديمة" في موجة من التشدد الديني. ^{[ 18 ]}^{[ 19 ]}
	مكتبة راي	راي	شراء الإمارات	1029	السلطان محمود الغزنوي	Burned the library and all books deemed as heretical.^[20]
	Library at Sázava Monastery	Sázava	Holy Roman Empire	c.1097	Abbot Diethard	After the removal of the Slavonic Benedictines from Sázava monastery, the new abbot destroyed all books written in Old Church Slavonic.^[21]
	Library of Banu Ammar (Dar al-'ilm)	Tripoli	Fatimid Caliphate	1109	Crusaders	Following Sharaf ad-Dawla ibn Abi al-Tayyib's surrender to Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Genoese mercenaries burned and looted part of the city. The library, Dar al-'ilm, was burned.^[22]
	Library of Ghazna	Ghazna	Ghurid empire	1151	'Ala al-Din Husayn	City was sacked and burned for seven days. Libraries and palaces built by the Ghaznavids were destroyed.^[23]
	Library of Nishapur	Nishapur	Seljuk Empire	1154	Oghuz Turks	City partially destroyed, libraries sacked and burned.^[24]
	Library of the Church of Jacob Mar	Nisibis	Zengid state	1171	Nur al-Din Zengi	The church and the contents of the library of 1,000 volumes were looted and destroyed.^[25]
	Nalanda	Nalanda	India	1193	Bakhtiyar Khilji	Nalanda University complex (the most renowned repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time) was sacked by Turkic Muslim invaders under the perpetrator; this event is seen as a milestone in the decline of Buddhism in India.^[26]
	Libraries of Constantinople	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	1204	Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade	Upon Emperor Michael VIII's recapture of Constantinople, the realization that the sack in 1204 by the Crusaders had destroyed the religious and secular buildings(including libraries). Most of the treasured items being destroyed or sent to the West.^[27]
	Imperial Library of Constantinople	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	Disputed	Disputed	Disputed, see Imperial Library of Constantinople#The destruction of the library.
	Alamut Castle's library	Alamut Castle	Iran	1256	Mongols	Library destroyed after the capitulation of Alamut.^[28]
	House of Wisdom	Baghdad	Iraq	1258	Mongols	Destroyed during the Battle of Baghdad^[29]
	Libraries of Constantinople	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	1453	Ottoman Turks	After the Fall of Constantinople, hundreds upon thousands of manuscripts were removed, sold, or destroyed from Constantinople's libraries.^[30]
	Madrassah Library	Granada	Crown of Castile	1499	Cardinal Cisneros	The library was ransacked by troops of Cardinal Cisneros in late 1499, the books were taken to the Plaza Bib-Rambla, where most of them were burned.^[31]
	Bibliotheca Corviniana	Buda	Hungary	1526	Ottoman Turks	Library was destroyed by Ottomans in the Battle of Mohács.^[32]
	Monastic libraries	England	England	1530s	Royal officials	The monastic libraries were destroyed or dispersed following the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VIII.
	Glasney College	Penryn, Cornwall	England	1548	Royal officials	The smashing and looting of the Cornish colleges at Glasney and Crantock brought an end to the formal scholarship which had helped to sustain the Cornish language and the Cornish cultural identity.
	Records on Gozo	Gozo	Hospitaller Malta	1551	Ottoman Turks	Most paper records held on Gozo were lost or destroyed during an Ottoman raid in 1551.^[33] The raid is said to have "led to the near total destruction of documentary evidence for life in medieval Gozo."^[34]
	Maya codices of the Yucatán	Maní, Yucatán	Mexico and Guatemala	1562-07-12	Diego de Landa	Bishop De Landa, a Franciscan friar and conquistador during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, wrote: "We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction." Only three extant codices are widely considered unquestionably authentic.
	Raglan Library	Raglan Castle	Wales	1646	Parliamentary Army	The Earl of Worcester's library was burnt during the English Civil War by forces under the command of Thomas Fairfax
	Załuski Library	Warsaw	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth/German-occupied Poland (General Government)	1794/1944	Imperial Russian Army/Nazi German troops	بعد انتفاضة كوشيوسكو (1794)، استولت القوات الروسية، بأوامر من القيصرة كاترين الثانية ، على مقتنيات المكتبة ونقلتها إلى مجموعتها الشخصية في سانت بطرسبرغ ، حيث شكلت بعد عام حجر الأساس للمكتبة الإمبراطورية العامة التي تأسست حديثًا . ^{[ 35 ]} تضررت أجزاء من المجموعات أو دُمرت نتيجة سوء التعامل معها أثناء إخراجها من المكتبة ونقلها إلى روسيا، وسُرقت العديد منها. ^{[ 35 ]}^{[ 36 ]} ووفقًا للمؤرخ يواكيم ليليويل ، كان من الممكن شراء كتب زالوسكي في غرودنو بكميات كبيرة. ^{[ 35 ]} وُزعت المجموعة لاحقًا على عدة مكتبات روسية. عادت بعض أجزاء مجموعة زالوسكي إلى بولندا في تاريخين منفصلين خلال القرن التاسع عشر: عامي 1842 و1863. ^{[ 35 ]} استعادت حكومة الجمهورية البولندية الثانية المُعاد تأسيسها في عشرينيات القرن العشرين بعض مقتنيات مكتبة زالوسكي السابقة من جمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية بموجب معاهدة ريغا . دُمّر المبنى الأصلي على يد الألمان خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية . كما دمّر الجنود الألمان المجموعة عمدًا (التي كانت موجودة في مكتبة كراسينسكي آنذاك - انظر أدناه) خلال عملية التدمير المخطط لها لمدينة وارسو في أكتوبر 1944، بعد انهيار انتفاضة وارسو. ^{[ 37 ]}^{[ 38 ]}^{[ 36 ]} لم ينجُ من الحرب سوى 1800 مخطوطة و30000 مادة مطبوعة من المكتبة الأصلية. بعد الحرب، أُعيد بناء المبنى الأصلي في ظل الجمهورية الشعبية البولندية . ^{[ 39 ]}^{[ 40 ]}
	مكتبة الكونغرس	واشنطن العاصمة	الولايات المتحدة	1814	قوات الجيش البريطاني	The library was destroyed during the War of 1812 when British forces set fire to the U.S. Capitol during the Burning of Washington.^[41] This attack was retaliation for the burning of the Canadian towns of York and Niagara by American troops in 1813.^[42] Soon after its destruction, the Library of Congress was reestablished, largely thanks to the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's personal library in 1815. A second fire on December 24, 1851, destroyed a large portion of the Library of Congress' collection again, however, resulting in the loss of about two-thirds of the Thomas Jefferson collection and an estimated 35,000 books in total.^[43]
	Several libraries	Mexico City and major Mexican cities	Mexico	1856–1867	Liberal troops and anti-clericalists	During and after the Mexican Reform War, under the liberal governments of Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort, many convent libraries and Church owned school libraries were sacked or destroyed by Liberal troops and looters, most notably included San Francisco Convent Library, which had over 16,000 books (great majority of them were unique collections of Spanish colonial era productions), the library was totally destroyed. Other important libraries included San Agustín Convent Library, was looted and burned. The Carmen de San Ángel Convent and its library were also totally destroyed (with a few books recovered), other affected convent libraries to different degrees were those of Santo Domingo, Las Capuchinas, Santa Clara, La Merced and the Church owned school Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, among others, all of them in Mexico City. Similar events happened all over Mexico, especially in major cities. Besides books, other items such as altarpieces, unique collections of colonial period Baroque paintings, crosses, sculptures, gold and silver chalices (often robbed and melted) were also lost. Total estimates place the total of lost books and manuscripts at 100,000 by 1884.^[44]^[45]
	University of Alabama	Tuscaloosa, Alabama	United States	1865-05-04	Troops of the Union Army	During the American Civil War, Union troops destroyed most buildings on the University of Alabama campus, including its library of approximately 7,000 volumes.^[46]
	Mosque-Library	Turnovo, Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	1877	Christian Bulgarians	Turkish books in a library were destroyed when the mosque was burned.^[47]
	Royal library of the Kings of Burma	قصر ماندالاي	بورما	1885–1887	قوات الجيش البريطاني	قام البريطانيون بنهب القصر في نهاية الحرب الأنجلو-بورمية الثالثة (لا تزال بعض القطع الأثرية التي تم الاستيلاء عليها معروضة في متحف فيكتوريا وألبرت في لندن) ^{[ 48 ]} وأحرقوا المكتبة الملكية.
	مكتبة أكاديمية هانلين	أكاديمية هانلين	الصين	1900-06-23/4	محل خلاف. ربما كان فرسان كانسو يحاصرون غرب حي السفارات، أو ربما كانت القوات الدولية المدافعة.	خلال حصار السفارات الدولية في بكين في ذروة ثورة الملاكمين ، أُضرمت النيران في المكتبة الوطنية الصينية غير الرسمية في أكاديمية هانلين، المجاورة للسفارة البريطانية (ولا يزال الجدل قائماً حول هوية الفاعل وما إذا كان ذلك عن عمد أم عن طريق الخطأ)، ودُمّرت المكتبة بالكامل تقريباً. وقد نُهبت العديد من الكتب والمخطوطات التي نجت من النيران لاحقاً على يد قوات الدول الأجنبية المنتصرة.
	مكتبة الجامعة الكاثوليكية في لوفين	لوفين	بلجيكا	25-08-1914/05-1940	قوات الاحتلال الألمانية	أضرم الألمان النار في المكتبة ضمن حملة إحراق المدينة بأكملها في محاولةٍ لاستخدام الترهيب لقمع المقاومة البلجيكية للاحتلال. ^{[ 49 ]} واشتعلت النيران في المكتبة مرة أخرى خلال الغزو الألماني لمدينة لوفان البلجيكية في الحرب العالمية الثانية . ^{[ 50 ]}
	مكتب السجلات العامة في أيرلندا	دبلن	أيرلندا	1922	محل خلاف. ربما عمداً من قبل الجيش الجمهوري الأيرلندي المناهض للمعاهدة أو اشتعال عرضي للمتفجرات المخزنة لديهم بسبب القصف من قبل قوات الحكومة المؤقتة . ^{[ 51 ]}	احتلت جماعة الجيش الجمهوري الأيرلندي المناهضة للمعاهدة مبنى المحاكم الأربع في بداية الحرب الأهلية الأيرلندية . وتعرض المبنى للقصف من قبل قوات الحكومة المؤقتة بقيادة مايكل كولينز . ^[⁵²^]
	العديد من المكتبات الدينية	مدريد	إسبانيا الجمهورية	1931	الفوضويون والمناهضون لرجال الدين	في عام ١٩٣١، قامت عدة جماعات من اليساريين الراديكاليين والفوضويين، بتواطؤ من الحكومة الجمهورية ، بإحراق العديد من الأديرة في مدريد. وكانت معظمها تضم مكتبات هامة، من بينها كلية العذراء مريم وسان بيدرو كلافير والمعهد الكاثوليكي للفنون والصناعات الذي احتوى على مكتبة تضم ٢٠ ألف مجلد؛ ودار الأساتذة التي ضمت مكتبة تضم ٨٠ ألف مجلد، والتي كانت تُعتبر ثاني أفضل مكتبة في إسبانيا آنذاك بعد المكتبة الوطنية ؛ والمعهد الكاثوليكي للفنون والصناعات الذي ضم ٢٠ ألف مجلد، بما في ذلك أرشيف عالم الخطوط القديمة غارسيا فيلادا، و١٠٠ ألف أغنية شعبية جمعها الأب أنطونيو مارتينيز. فُقد كل شيء.
	المكتبة الشرقية (المعروفة أيضًا باسم دونغ فانغ توشوجوان)	تشابي ، شنغهاي	الصين	1932-02-01	الجيش الإمبراطوري الياباني	خلال حادثة 28 يناير في الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية، قصفت القوات اليابانية دار النشر التجارية والمكتبة الشرقية الملحقة بها، وأضرمت فيها النيران ودمرت معظم مجموعتها التي تضم أكثر من 500 ألف مجلد. ^{[ 53 ]}^{[ 54 ]}^{[ 55 ]}
	معهد العلوم الجنسية	برلين	ألمانيا النازية	1933-05-؟؟	أعضاء Deutsche Studentenschaft	في السادس من مايو عام 1933، شنت جمعية الطلاب الألمان هجوماً منظماً على معهد أبحاث الجنس. وبعد بضعة أيام، تم إخراج مكتبة المعهد وأرشيفه علناً وحرقهما في شوارع ساحة الأوبرا .
	جامعة أوفييدو	أوفيدو	الجمهورية الإسبانية الثانية	13-10-1934	الثوار أو القنابل التي ألقتها الطائرات الحكومية ^{[ 56 ]}	خلال إضراب عمال المناجم في أستورياس عام 1934 ، استولى الثوار المسلحون على أوفييدو وقام الجيش الإسباني بقمعهم بأوامر من الجنرال فرانشيسكو فرانكو.
	جامعة تسينغ هوا الوطنية ، جامعة نان كاي ، معهد هيبي للتكنولوجيا ، كلية الطب في هيبي ، كلية الزراعة في هيبي ، جامعة تا شيا ، جامعة كوانغ هوا ، جامعة هونان الوطنية		الصين	1937–1945	القوات اليابانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية	خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية ، دمرت القوات العسكرية اليابانية كليًا أو جزئيًا العديد من المكتبات الصينية، بما في ذلك مكتبات جامعة تسينغ هوا الوطنية في بكين (حيث فُقد 200,000 كتاب من أصل 350,000 كتاب)، وجامعة نان كاي في تيان تشين (دُمرت بالكامل، وفُقد 224,000 كتاب)، ومعهد خبي للتكنولوجيا في تيان تشين (دُمر بالكامل)، وكلية الطب في خبي في باو تينغ (دُمرت بالكامل)، وكلية الزراعة في خبي في باو تينغ (دُمرت بالكامل)، وجامعة تا شيا في شنغهاي (دُمرت بالكامل)، وجامعة كوانغ هوا في شنغهاي (دُمرت بالكامل)، وجامعة هونان الوطنية (دُمرت بالكامل). ^{[ 57 ]}
	المكتبة الوطنية لصربيا	بلغراد	يوغوسلافيا	1941-04-06	سلاح الجو الألماني النازي (لوفتفافه)	دُمِّرت المكتبة خلال قصف بلغراد في الحرب العالمية الثانية ، بأمر من أدولف هتلر نفسه. ^[⁵⁸^] وقد دُمِّر حوالي 500 ألف مجلد وجميع مجموعات المكتبة في واحدة من أكبر عمليات حرق الكتب في التاريخ الأوروبي. ^[⁵⁹^]
	المكتبة الوطنية للقديسين كيرلس وميثوديوس	صوفيا	بلغاريا	1943–1944	قصف الحلفاء، القوات الجوية للحلفاء
	مكتبة كراسينسكي (التي تضم مجموعات خاصة من المكتبة الوطنية البولندية ، بما في ذلك مجموعة مكتبة زالوسكي ، بالإضافة إلى مجموعات مكتبة جامعة وارسو ومكتبة وارسو العامة )	وارسو	بولندا المحتلة من قبل ألمانيا ( الحكومة العامة )	1944	القوات الألمانية النازية	أضرمت القوات الألمانية النازية النار في المكتبة عمداً في أعقاب قمع انتفاضة وارسو عام 1944. وكان حرق هذه المكتبة جزءاً من التدمير المخطط له لمدينة وارسو . ^{[ 40 ]}
	مكتبة عائلة زامويسكي الموقوفة	وارسو	بولندا المحتلة من قبل ألمانيا ( الحكومة العامة )	1944	القوات الألمانية النازية	أُضرمت النيران عمداً في المكتبة (التي كانت تضم مجموعات أكاديمية زامويسكي السابقة) على يد القوات الألمانية النازية في أعقاب قمع انتفاضة وارسو عام 1944. وكان حرق هذه المكتبة جزءاً من خطة تدمير وارسو الشاملة . ووفقاً لبعض المصادر، نجا ما بين 1800 و3000 قطعة، أي ما يعادل 1.5% إلى 3% فقط من المجموعة الأصلية (مع أنها كانت الجزء الأكثر قيمة)، ويعود ذلك جزئياً إلى أن القوات التي أحرقت المكتبة لم تلاحظ مدخل القبو في الجهة الخلفية من المبنى. ^{[ 60 ]}
	الأرشيف المركزي للسجلات التاريخية	وارسو	بولندا المحتلة من قبل ألمانيا ( الحكومة العامة )	1944	القوات الألمانية النازية	في أعقاب قمع انتفاضة وارسو عام 1944، لم تُحرق الأرشيفات (إحدى أرشيفين يضمان وثائق تاريخية للكومنولث البولندي الليتواني ، والآخر في فيلنيوس ) عمدًا فحسب، بل اقتحمت القوات النازية الألمانية أيضًا كلًا من الخزائن التسع المقاومة للحريق في الملجأ تحت الأرض، وأحرقتها بدقة واحدة تلو الأخرى (كان مدخل الخزينة العاشرة مسدودًا بالأنقاض، مما أنقذ محتوياتها). كان ذلك جزءًا من التدمير المخطط له لمدينة وارسو . ^{[ 61 ]}
	تنتشر العديد من المكتبات الخاصة في جميع أنحاء طوكيو.	طوكيو	إمبراطورية اليابان	1945	القوات الجوية للجيش الأمريكي	أدى قصف الولايات المتحدة لطوكيو بالقنابل الحارقة في مايو 1945 إلى تدمير العديد من المكتبات اليابانية الخاصة، مثل مكتبة هاسيغاوا نيوزيكان التي تضم 40 ألف مجلد. ^{[ 62 ]} كما أدى القصف إلى تدمير معظم المكتبات الشخصية هناك، وفقدان العديد من المنشورات التي تعود إلى ما قبل الحرب بشكل دائم. ^{[ 63 ]} وتضررت جامعة كيو في طوكيو جراء القصف. ^{[ 64 ]}
	مكتبة وارسو العامة	وارسو	بولندا المحتلة من قبل ألمانيا ( الحكومة العامة )	1945	القوات الألمانية النازية	قبل اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية، كانت المكتبة تضم 500 ألف مجلد. وفي يناير 1945، أضرم جنود نازيون ألمان النار فيها أثناء انسحابهم. ونتيجة لذلك، دُمر 300 ألف كتاب، ونُهب 100 ألف كتاب آخر. ^{[ 65 ]}
	مكتبة راتشينسكي	بوزنان	بولندا التي احتلتها ألمانيا ( رايخسغاو فارتيلاند )	1945	القوات الألمانية النازية	قامت القوات الألمانية النازية المنسحبة بزرع متفجرات في المبنى وفجرتها، مما أدى إلى تدمير الهيكل بأكمله وحرق 90% من المجموعة، بينما تم نهب النسبة المتبقية البالغة 10% مسبقاً.
	المكتبة الوطنية اللبنانية	بيروت	لبنان	1975	الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية	بدأت الحرب عام 1975 في وسط بيروت حيث تقع المكتبة الوطنية. وخلال سنوات الحرب، لحقت بالمكتبة أضرار جسيمة. وتشير بعض المصادر إلى اختفاء 1200 مخطوطة من أثمن المخطوطات، ولم يبقَ أي أثر لتنظيم المكتبة وإجراءاتها التشغيلية في ذلك الوقت.
	المكتبة الوطنية لكمبوديا	بنوم بنه	كمبوديا	1976–1979	الخمير الحمر ^{[ 57 ]}	أحرقت معظم الكتب وجميع السجلات الببليوغرافية. لم ينجُ سوى 20% من المواد. ^{[ 57 ]}
	مكتبة جافنا العامة	جافنا	سريلانكا	1981-05-؟؟	ضباط الشرطة بملابس مدنية وغيرهم	In May 1981, a mob composed of thugs and plainclothes police officers went on a rampage in minority Tamil-dominated northern Jaffna, and burned down the Jaffna Public Library. At least 95,000 volumes – the second largest library collection in South Asia – were destroyed.^[66]
	Sikh Reference Library	Punjab	India	1984-06-07	Indian Army	Prior to its destruction by Indian troops, the library hosted a vast collection of an estimated 20,000 literary works, including 11,107 books, 2,500 manuscripts, newspaper archives, historical letters, documents/files, and others mostly on Sikhism and in the Punjabi language but also on other topics and in other languages.^[67]^[68] Its destruction could have been a desperate act on failure to locate letters or documents that could have implicated the then Indian government and its leader Indira Gandhi.^[69]^[70]
!	Central University Library of Bucharest	Bucharest	Romania	1989-12-2?	Romanian Land Forces	Burnt down during the Romanian Revolution.^[71]^[72]
	Oriental Institute in Sarajevo	Sarajevo	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1992-05-17	Bosnian Serb Army	Destroyed by the shellfire during the Siege of Sarajevo.^[73]^[74]^[75]
	National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1992-08-25	Bosnian Serb Army	The library was completely destroyed during the Siege of Sarajevo.^[73]
	Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature & National Library of Abkhazia	Sukhumi	Abkhazia	1992-10-??	Georgian Armed Forces	Destroyed during the War in Abkhazia.^[76]^[77]
	City library	Linköping	Sweden	1996-09-20	Lack of evidence for trial	After a year of repeated, minor arson attempts against an information bureau for immigrants located in the building, the library is eventually burnt down to the ground.
	Pol-i-Khomri Public Library	Pol-i-Khomri	Afghanistan	1998	Taliban militia	It held 55,000 books and old manuscripts.^[78]
	Iraq National Library and Archive, Al-Awqaf Library, Central Library of the University of Baghdad, Library of Bayt al-Hikma, Central Library of the University of Mosul and other libraries	Baghdad	Iraq	2003-04-??	Unknown members of the Bagdad population	Several libraries looted, set on fire, damaged and destroyed in various degrees during the 2003 Iraq War.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]
	The People's Library Occupy Wall Street	Zuccotti Park Lower Manhattan New York City	United States	2011	New York City Department of Sanitation	Over 5,000 books cataloged in LibraryThing were seized.^[84]
	Egyptian Scientific Institute	Cairo	Egypt	2011-12-??	Aftermath of street clashes during the Egyptian revolution	A first estimate says that only 30,000 volumes have been saved of a total of 200,000.^[85]
	Ahmed Baba Institute (Timbuktu library)	Timbuktu	Mali	2013-01-28	Islamist militias	Before the library was burned down, it contained over 20,000 manuscripts with only a fraction of them having been scanned as of January 2013. Before and during the occupation, more than 300,000 Timbuktu Manuscripts from the Institute and from private libraries were saved and moved to more secure locations.^[86]^[87]^[88]
	Ratanda Public Library	Lesedi Local Municipality	South Africa	2013-03-12	Public riots	1,807 library books, technological infrastructure including seven patron workstations, a photocopy machine and a large screen television.^[89]
	Libraries of Fisheries and Oceans Canada		Canada	2013	Government of Canada headed by prime minister Stephen Harper	Digitization effort to reduce the nine original libraries to seven and save $C443,000 annual cost.^[90] Only 5–6% of the material was digitized, and scientific records and research created at a taxpayer cost of tens of millions of dollars were dumped, burned, and given away.^[91] Particularly noted are baseline data important to ecological research, and data from 19th century exploration.
	Saeh Library	Tripoli	Lebanon	2014-01-03	Unknown	The Christian library was burned down, it contained over 80,000 manuscripts and books.^[92]^[93]^[94]
	National Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (partially)	Sarajevo	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2014-02-07	Seven Bosnian rioters suspected of having started the fire; two (Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka)^[95] were arrested.^[96]On 4 April 2014, Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka were released (although still under suspicion of terrorism), on conditions that they don't leave their places of residence and abstain from having any contact with each other. Both were also mandated to report to the police once every week.^[95]	During the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina large amounts of historical documents were destroyed when sections of the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, housed in the presidential building, were set on fire. Among the lost archival material were documents and gifts from the Ottoman period, original documents from the 1878–1918 Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as documentations of the interwar period, the 1941–1945 rule of the Independent State of Croatia, papers from the following years, and about 15,000 files from the 1996–2003 Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[97]^[98] In the repositories that were burnt, about 60 percent of the material was lost, according to estimates by Šaban Zahirović, the head of the Archives.^[99]
	Mosul University librariesand private libraries	Mosul	Iraq	2014-12-??	Ongoing ISIL book burning	Book burning.^[100]
	Libraries in Al Anbar Governorate	Al Anbar Governorate	Iraq	2014-12-??	Ongoing ISIL book burning	Book burning.^[100]
	Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION) (partially?)	Moscow	Russia	2015-01-29	Unknown.	Fire spread to 2000 m² in third Floor. The roof caved in. Additional water damage. Ambient temperature too high for self-freezing of damaged works. The library contains 14 million books, including rare texts in ancient Slavic languages, documents from the League of Nations, UNESCO, and parliamentary reports from countries including the US dating back as far as 1789.^[101]
	Mosul public library(Central Public Library in Ninawa)	Mosul	Iraq	2015-02-??	ISIL book burning	8,000 rare old books and manuscripts. Manuscripts from the 18th century, Syriac books printed in Iraq's first printing house in the 19th century, books from the Ottoman era, Iraqi newspapers from the early 20th century.^[102]
	Howard College Law Library, University of KwaZulu-Natal	Durban	South Africa	2016-09-06	FeesMustFall protestors	Law Library, including early Roman-Dutch law texts, burnt by protesters during confrontations with the police.^[103]
	Azizia Madrasa Library	Bihar Sharif	India	2023-03-31	Ram Navami rioters	The library contained around 4,500 works that were all lost when it was set on-fire in an Islamophobic attack.^[104]^[105]^[106]
	Diana Tamari Sabbagh Library, Rashad Shawa Cultural Center	Gaza City	Palestine	2023-11-25	Israeli military	An airstrike hit the library and the centre that housed it, resulting in the destruction of hundreds of thousands of books. The airstrike took place during the Gaza war.^[107]
	Edward Said Public Library	Beit Lahia	Palestine	2023 or 2024	Israeli military	The library was destroyed during the Gaza war^[108]
	New College of Florida Gender And Diversity Studies Library	Sarasota	United States	2024	Ron Desantis, Christopher Rufo	The contents of the library were stolen and thrown in the dump while students were largely away on break. At least one dump truck full of books on queer theory, history, Jewish studies.^[109]

Natural disasters

Name of the library	City	Country	Date of destruction	Causes and/or account of destruction
Royal Library of Portugal, Ribeira Palace	Lisbon	Portugal	1755-11-01	Great Lisbon earthquake
University of Tokyo Library, which included the Max Müller Library, the Nishimura Library, and the Hoshino Library	Tokyo	Japan	1923-09-01	An earthquake and the following fires.^[57] In September 1923, the University of Tokyo Library lost 700,000 volumes to the Great Kanto earthquake setting off fires.^[110]^[111]^[112]
National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío		Nicaragua	1931, 1972	It was damaged in the 1931 earthquake. Another earthquake in 1972 caused damage.^[113]^[114]
Several libraries, archives, and museums^[115]^[116]		Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand, Sri Lanka	2004-12-26	The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. See Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Fire

Name of the library	City	Country	Date of destruction	Account of destruction
Library of Celsus	Ephesus	Roman Empire	262	A fire caused by the 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake^[117] or a Gothic invasion.
Swedish National Library and Royal Archives at Tre Kronor castle	Stockholm	Sweden	1697-05-07	The castle's keeper discovered the fire, the fire marshall was unable to reach fire extinguishing equipment due to it being blocked by fire. The fire quickly spread throughout the castle. Since the castle was made out of wood and copper, the hot copper plates set the roof on fire. Most of Sweden's national library and royal archives were destroyed^[118] when the castle burned down in 1697, making the country's early history difficult to document.
University of Copenhagen Library	Copenhagen	Denmark	October 1728	Copenhagen Fire of 1728
Cotton Library	London, Ashburnham House	United Kingdom	1731-10-23
Library of Congress	Washington, D.C.	United States	1814-08-25
Birmingham Central Library	Birmingham	United Kingdom	1879-01-11	A fire broke out behind a wooden partition serving as a temporary wall during building operations.^[119] The fire caused extensive damage, with only 1,000 volumes saved from a stock of 50,000.^[119]
University of Virginia Library	Charlottesville, Virginia	United States	1895-10-27
New York State Library	Albany, New York	United States	1911-03-29
National Library of Peru	Lima	Peru	1943-05-10
Jewish Theological Seminary of America library	New York City	United States	1966-04-18	Jewish Theological Seminary library fire
Charles A. Halbert Public Library	Basseterre	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1982^[120]
St Michael's House	Crafers	Australia	1983	St Michael's House was destroyed as a result of the Ash Wednesday bushfires. The entire 40,000 volume library was lost including works from the 16th century.^[121]
Dalhousie University Law Library	Halifax, Nova Scotia	Canada	1985-08-16	A lightning strike caused a short circuit in the electrical system which started a fire that destroyed the top floor of the building which housed the library.^[122] Most of the 90,000 volumes were saved by first freezing and then drying out the books.^[123]
Los Angeles Central Library	Los Angeles, California	United States	1986-04-29 & 1986-09-03	At 10:52 a.m. on April 29, 1986, a fire alarm alerted staff and patrons of a fire in the library's main building. Over 350 firefighters responded to the blaze, which burned for about 7 hours. An estimated 400,000 books were destroyed and an additional 350,000 materials suffered significant amounts of smoke and water damaged. The fire was determined to have begun on the fifth tier of the northeast stack.^[124]
Academy of Sciences Library	Leningrad	USSR	1988-02-14	The 1988 fire in the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences) broke out on Sunday, February 14, 1988, in the newspaper section on the third floor of the library. According to the library's acting director Valeriy Leonov, the fire alarm sounded at 8:13 pm, when the library was closed for visitors. By the time the fire was extinguished the following afternoon, it had destroyed between 190,000 and 300,000^[125] books of the total 12 million housed. About 3.5 million volumes initially became damp due to firefighting foam.
Norwich Library	Norwich, England	United Kingdom	1994-08-01^[126]	On August 1, 1994, Norwich Central Library caught fire due to an electrical fault. Over one hundred firefighters responded as the flames escalated and smoke became visible from twenty miles away. Over 100,000 books and thousands of historical documents were destroyed.^[127]
Iraq National Library	Baghdad	Iraq	2003-04-15	Arson fire.
Duchess Anna Amalia Library	Weimar	Germany	2004-09-02
Glasgow School of Art, Rennie Mackintosh Library	Glasgow, Scotland	United Kingdom	2014-05-24 & 2018-06-15	Tn 2014, a fire began inside the Charles Rennie Mackintosh building at the Glasgow School of Art. The library was lost in the blaze but there were no injuries.^[128] The fire began after gases from an expanding foam canister being used in a student project were ignited by a sparking projector but the building's recently installed fire suppression system was not yet operational.^[129] While the building was under renovation, a second, more severe, fire broke out on June 15, 2018. The fire destroyed all of the building's renovation progress, as well as part of the school that had been left untouched by the first fire.^[130] A complete restoration was expected to be complete by 2030.
Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION)	Moscow	Russia	2015-01-31
Mzuzu University Library	Mzuzu	Malawi	2015-12-18^[131]	In the early hours of December 18, 2015, the library caught fire. Although its wooden structure and carpeting allowed flames to spread rapidly, students, staff, and firefighters rescued some materials by carrying them out of the building. But by 5:00 a.m. the library collapsed, resulting in the loss of 45,000 volumes. A sudden rainstorm heightened the damage by soaking materials that had been carried out of the burning building.^[132]
National Museum of Brazil	Quinta da Boa Vista in Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	2018-09-02	Not yet investigated. See National Museum of Brazil fire. Museum library was also destroyed.
Jagger Library (partially)	Cape Town	South Africa	2021-04-18	Partially destroyed by the 2021 Table Mountain fire.^[133] However, the library's fire detection systems stopped the destruction of the entire collection.^[134]^[135]

References

↑Fadhil, Muna (26 February 2015). "Isis destroys thousands of books and manuscripts in Mosul libraries". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
↑"Special Challenges - Fire and Fire Suppression". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
1 2Fineberg, Gail. "Moving Toward a Safer Library. Compliance Office Issues Fire Safety Report," Library of Congress Information Bulletin 60 no. 3, 65, March 2001
↑L.A., "Inspection Scorches Fire Safety at LC," American Libraries, 32 no. 3 17–18, March 2001
1 2 3Fixen, Edward L. and Vidar S. Landa,"Avoiding the Smell of Burning Data," Consulting-Specifying Engineer, May 2006, Vol. 39 Issue 5, p47-51
↑Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007) [2005]. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. Blackwell Ancient Lives. Vol. 19. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-69534-0. p.76, 139, 152
↑Van De Mieroop (2007) p.76
↑Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Biography of Emperor Gaozu.
↑"The Alexandrian Library". New Advent. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Lewis, Bernard; Lloyd-Jones, Hugh. "The Vanished Library". The New York Review. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
↑Chakra, Hayden (April 14, 2021). "The Yellow Turban Rebellion - 21 Years of Struggle". About History. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑de Crespigny, Rafe (2017). Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 419. ISBN 9789004324916.
↑Dirk Rohmann, Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity, (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016), 240.
↑John Edwin Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship From the End of the Sixth Century B.C. to the End of the Middle Ages, (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 113.
↑Bull, Robert J. "Caesarea Maritima: The Search for Herod's City." Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 8, no. 3, 1982.
↑Evans, Craig A. (2020). "Longevity of Late Antique Autographs and First Copies: A Postscriptum," in Scribes and Their Remains, ed. Craig A. Evans and Jeremiah J. Johnston, vol. 21, Studies in Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity. T&T Clark.
↑Vailhé, Siméon (1907–1913). "Caesarea Palaestinae," in The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, ed. Charles G. Herbermann et al. The Encyclopedia Press.
↑Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.
↑Libraries, Claude Gilliot, Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, Index, ed. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, (Routledge, 2006), 451.
↑Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn (January 1935). "Moslem Libraries and Sectarian Propaganda". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 51 (2). The University of Chicago Press: 93–94. doi:10.1086/370447. JSTOR 528860. S2CID 170296340. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Wolverton, Lisa (2001). Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8122-3613-0.
↑Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 69.
↑C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, (Columbia University Press, 1977), 117.
↑The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm, George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (July, 1938):16.
↑Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamisation from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. California University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-520-05753-8.
↑Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964) The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans
↑Taxidis, Ilias (2022). "Public and Private libraries in Byzantium". In Kotzabassi, Sofia (ed.). A Companion to the Intellectual Life of the Palaeologan Period. Brill. p. 458. ISBN 978-90-04-52708-9.
↑Ibn Taymiyya, David Waines, The Islamic World, ed. Andrew Rippin, (Routledge, 2008), 382
↑George Lane, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 88.
↑Robert S. Nelson, The Italian Appreciation and Appropriation of Illuminated Byzantine Manuscripts, Ca. 1200–1450, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 49 (1995): 209-210.
↑Mercedes Garcia-Arenal Rodriquez and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism, transl. Consuelo Lopez-Morillas, (Brill, 2013), 41.
↑(DE)Edit Szegedi, Geschichtsbewusstsein und Gruppenidentität, (Bohlau Verlag, 2002), 223.
↑"Notarial Archives discovery: Documents from Gozo dating to 1431 saved from the bin". The Malta Independent. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019.
↑Abela, Joan (2016). "Unearthing Gozo's Lost Medieval Past". In Vella, Charlene (ed.). At Home in Art: Essays in Honour of Mario Buhagiar. Malta: Midsea Books. pp. 29–46. ISBN 9789993275985.
1 2 3 4Witt, Maria (September–October 2005). "The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century". FYI France. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
1 2Lech Chmielewski. "In the House under the Sign of the Kings". Welcome to Warsaw. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
↑Maria Witt (September–October 2005). "The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw". The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century. FYI France. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
↑Rebecca Knuth (2006). Burning books and leveling libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.
↑"Dom pod Królami". warszawa1939.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2008-02-17.
12Rebecca Knuth (2006). Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.
↑"Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
↑Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library : An Illustrated History. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.
↑"Thomas Jefferson's Library". Library of Congress. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
↑Tovar de Teresa, Guillermo (1990). La ciudad de los palacios: crónica de un patrimonio perdido, Volume 1. Editorial Vuelta. p. 14. ISBN 9789686258172.
↑Báez, Guillermo (2013). Historia Universal de la Destrucción de Libros. OCEANO. pp. 220–222.
↑Wolfe, Suzanne Rau (1983). The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–59.
↑R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 111.
↑Bird, George W. (1897). Wanderings in Burma. London: F. J. Bright & Son. p. 254.
↑Kramer, Alan (2008). Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-84614-013-6.Gibson, Craig (2008). "The culture of destruction in the First World War". Times Literary Supplement. No. January 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
↑University of Louvain, International Dictionary of University Histories, ed. Carol J. Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, Anthony Levi, (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), 531.
↑Hill, J. R. (2003). A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland 1921–84. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter II p2. ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7.
↑Ferriter, Diarmaid (2010). The Limits of Liberty – Episode 1. RTÉ.
↑Godley, Michael R. (1988). "Review of The Life and Times of Zhang Yuanji, 1867-1959 by Manying Ip". Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs: 415–418. doi:10.2307/2158575. JSTOR 2158575. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932. Mercury Press. 1932. p. 5. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Jiayun, Ke (March 15, 2018). "Bombed-out library with revolutionary past". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Ruiz, David (13 February 2016). "Los revolucionarios volaron la Catedral, pero no la Universidad"[The revolutionaries blew up the Cathedral, but not the University]. Atlántica XXII (in Spanish) (41). Retrieved 9 October 2024. a día de hoy ya no hay plena constancia de que el trágico episodio tenga la firma de los revolucionarios que combatieron en la capital.
1 2 3 4Hoeven, Hans van der; Albada, Jan van (1996). "Lost memory: libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century". United Nations. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Dejan Ristić (3 April 2016). "Hitler je naredio: prvo uništiti Narodnu biblioteku"[Hitler ordered: first destroy the National Library]. Politika (in Serbian).
↑Jelena Čalija, Dejan Ristić (15 March 2020). "Двоструко страдање Народне библиотеке Србије" [Double suffering of the National Library of Serbia]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 8.
↑Majewski, Piotr (2005). Wojna i kultura. Instytucje kultury polskiej w okupacyjnych realiach Generalnego Gubernatorstwa 1939–1945. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo TRI. p. 271. ISBN 83-7436-003-8.
↑Strebel, Adam (1948). "Archives of Warsaw following the war"(PDF). Przegląd Historyczny. 37: 357–373. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
↑Hanneman, Mary L. (2007). Hasegawa Nyozekan and Liberalism in Modern Japan. Global Oriental. p. 24. ISBN 978-9004213364.
↑Solt, John (2020). Shredding the Tapestry of Meaning: The Poetry and Poetics of Kitasono Katue (1902–1978) (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 3. ISBN 978-1684173266.
↑Weiss, Andrew (2014). Using Massive Digital Libraries: A LITA Guide (reprint ed.). American Library Association. ISBN 978-0838919743.
↑"Biblioteka na Koszykowej: O nas". Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
↑Knuth, Rebecca (2006-06-27). Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library(PDF). IFLA. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
↑Brar, Kamaldeep Singh (20 June 2019). "Explained: The mystery of missing articles of Sikh Reference Library". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020.
↑Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf
↑"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News".
↑The Smoking Gun Recovered, United Sikhs documentary"|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6AFP1NiF-U
↑"1895 – 1948 Fundaţia Universitară "Carol I"". Istoric (in Romanian). Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Legea recunoştinţei, made in Romania:agenţii represiunii ceauşiste au ajuns luptători remarcaţi". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). June 3, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
1 2"Related Articles". The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Riedlmayer, Andras (July 1995). "Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
↑Riedlmayer, Andras J (2007). "Crimes of war, crimes of peace: destruction of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s". Library Trends. 56 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 107–132. doi:10.1353/lib.2007.0057. hdl:2142/3784. S2CID 38806101.
↑"Homepage". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Abkhazia's archive: fire of war, ashes of history". YouTube. November 30, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑de Baets, Antoon (2002). Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313311932. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Prized Iraqi annals 'lost in blaze'". BBC. April 14, 2003. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Photos by Dr Saad Eskander of damage to Iraq National Library and Archive". Retrieved 5 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
↑"Pictures of Damaged Libraries in Iraq". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
↑"MELA Committee on Iraqi Libraries". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
↑"ICBS -Assessment of damage to Libraries and Archives in Iraq". Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
↑Norton, Daniel; Henk, Mandy; Fagin, Betsy; Taylor, Jaime; Loeb, Zachary (Spring 2012). "OCCUPY WALL STREET LIBRARIANS SPEAK OUT"(PDF). Progressive Librarian. 38/39 (38/39): 3–16. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
↑"Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón". El Pais (in Spanish). December 18, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Harding, Luke (January 28, 2013). "Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
↑Walker, Peter (January 28, 2013). "Timbuktu library is treasure house of centuries of Malian history". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
↑"Fleeing Islamists burn priceless Timbuktu library". Debkaflile. January 28, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Lor, Pieter (2013). "Burning Libraries for the People: Questions and Challenges for the Library Profession in South Africa"(PDF). Libri. 6 (4): 359–372. doi:10.1515/libri-2013-0028. S2CID 31109022. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
↑Nikiforuk, Andrew (30 December 2013). "Secret Memo Casts Doubt on Feds' Claims for Science Library Closures: Goal stated is 'culling' research, not preserving and sharing through digitization". The Tyee. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Irreplaceable research lost from purged federal libraries: BC Green Party MLA Andrew Weaver says government didn't digitize entire libraries as promised". News1130. 6 January 2014.
↑"Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli's "Al Sa'eh" Library Burned". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06.
↑"Tripoli Figures Condemn Torching Famed Library as Father Sarrouj 'Forgives Attackers'". Archived from the original on 2014-01-07.
↑"20 Pictures Of Al Sa'eh Library in Tripoli Before It Got Torched". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06.
1 2"Custody of the Suspects Hatibović and Trnka terminated and prohibiting measures ordered". Court of Bosnia & Herzegovina. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
↑"Sedmorica osumnjičena za paljenje Predsjedništva i Arhiva BiH" (in Croatian). tportal.hr. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
↑"Ogromna šteta, dio dokumentacije nepovratno uništen". tportal.hr. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
↑"Nepovratno uništen deo Arhiva BiH". B92. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
↑"Direktor Arhiva BiH tvrdi: Izgorjelo je 60 posto depoa". Oslobođenje. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
1 2""داعش" يحرق آلاف الكتب في الموصل والأنبار". elaph.com. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
↑"A Moscow library containing rare UN documents, ancient Slavic texts, and 14 million books is on fire". QUARTZ. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
↑"ISIS Burns 8000 Rare Books and Manuscripts in Mosul". Yahoo Finance (The Fiscal Times). 23 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
↑Withnall, Adam (7 September 2016). "'Nazi-style' book burning roundly condemned - but protesters say incident masks a bigger problem". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
↑Ali, Faisal Mohammed (22 April 2023). "Bihar Sharif: The 113-year-old India library torched in a riot". BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
↑Faisal, Meer (10 April 2023). "India town mourns burning of historic library at Muslim school". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
↑"Ram Navami violence: 77 arrested; mob vandalises madrasa in Bihar Sharif". www.thehindu.com. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
↑Mahieu, Rosalie (2024-12-09). "No. 029 – Centre culturel Rashad al-Shawwa"[Rashad al-Shawwa Cultural Center]. Gaza, inventaire d’un patrimoine bombardé (in French). Retrieved 2025-10-01.
↑"Israeli Damage to Archives, Libraries, and Museums in Gaza, October 2023–January 2024 – Librarians and Archivists with Palestine". Retrieved 2025-11-26.
↑Walker, Steven. "New College of Florida tosses hundreds of library books, empties gender diversity library". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 2026-06-08.
↑Raven, J., ed. (2004). Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 7. ISBN 0230524257.
↑Mack, Edward (2010). Manufacturing Modern Japanese Literature: Publishing, Prizes, and the Ascription of Literary Value (illustrated ed.). Duke University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0822391654.
↑Scott, Andrew C. (2020). Fire: a Very Short Introduction. Vol. 640 of Very Short Introductions Series (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0198830030.
↑"yoquepierdo: Preserving Memories from Nicaragua". Los Angeles Archivists Collective. 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
↑Ndumu, Ana; Mon, Lorraine (2018). "An investigation of the experiences of Nicaraguan Costeño librarians". IFLA Journal. 44 (2): 106–118. doi:10.1177/0340035218764496. ISSN 0340-0352.
↑"The Economic Impact of the 26 December 2004 Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami in Thailand - OD Mekong Datahub". data.opendevelopmentmekong.net. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
↑Amarasiri, Upali (2005). "Tsunami Affected Libraries in Sri Lanka: Rebuilding Process and Challenges"(PDF). Retrieved January 24, 2024.
↑Evans, Craig A. (2020). "Longevity of Late Antique Autographs and First Copies: A Postcriptum". In Evans, Craig A.; Johnston, Jeremiah J. (eds.). Scribes and Their Remains. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53.
↑Alf ÅbergKarl XIWahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm 1958 p. 201
1 2Notes on the history of Birmingham Public Libraries (1861–1961), Birmingham, 1962
↑"Charles A. Halbert Public Library". Ministry of Education Saint Christopher and Nevis. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑Moore, Scott (1983-02-16). "Fire brought death to house of tranquility". Trove. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
↑"The Buildings of Dalhousie University – Weldon Law Building – Building History". Library.dal.ca. 1967-03-18. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
↑"Expert drying out 90,000 law books". Waterloo Region Record. Canadian Press. September 14 1985. Retrieved July 17 2026.{{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
↑"April 29 Marks 30th Anniversary of 1986 Fire". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
↑"Leningrad Library Fire". Abbey Newsletter. Jun 1988. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
↑"1994: Library fire wipes out historic records". BBC. August 1994. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
↑"Norwich Central Library fire 25 years on". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
↑Walker, Peter (23 May 2014). "Glasgow School of Art fire: fire damages Charles Rennie Mackintosh building - as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
↑Brooks, Libby (26 November 2014). "Glasgow School of Art fire caused by gases from foam canister, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
↑Solly, Meilan. "Glasgow School of Art Will Be Rebuilt, But Construction Could Last Up to a Decade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
↑"Mzuni library completely destroyed by fire". The Maravi Post. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
↑Dube, Gift Alfred B.; Kanyundo, Allan J.; Majawa, Felix P. "COPING WITH THE FIRE DISASTER AT MZUZU UNIVERSITY: EXPERIENCES FROM LIBRARIANS AND STUDENTS"(PDF). Scecsal. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
↑Persens, Lizell (2021-04-18). "Fire wreaks destruction on UCT". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
↑Tembo, Theolin (2021-04-18). "Some of our valuable collections at Jagger Library have been lost in the fire, says UCT libraries head". Independent Online (South Africa). Retrieved 2021-04-18.
↑Kirkwood, C.; Noble, M.; Singer, M. (2023). "What we lost in the Jagger Library fire". Africa Bibliography, Research and Documentation. 2: 12–29. doi:10.1017/abd.2023.9.
↑Burning the Books by Richard Ovenden review – the libraries we have lost ; The Guardian; 31 August 2020; accessed 2020-09-02

External links

The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project
The threat to world heritage in Iraq: heritage destroyed

[1] Fadhil, Muna (26 February 2015). "Isis destroys thousands of books and manuscripts in Mosul libraries". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2015.

[2] "Special Challenges - Fire and Fire Suppression". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[ReferenceA-3] 1 2Fineberg, Gail. "Moving Toward a Safer Library. Compliance Office Issues Fire Safety Report," Library of Congress Information Bulletin 60 no. 3, 65, March 2001

[4] L.A., "Inspection Scorches Fire Safety at LC," American Libraries, 32 no. 3 17–18, March 2001

[Fixen,_Edward_L_2006,_p47-51-5] 1 2 3Fixen, Edward L. and Vidar S. Landa,"Avoiding the Smell of Burning Data," Consulting-Specifying Engineer, May 2006, Vol. 39 Issue 5, p47-51

[6] Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007) [2005]. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. Blackwell Ancient Lives. Vol. 19. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-69534-0. p.76, 139, 152

[7] Van De Mieroop (2007) p.76

[Shiji,_Gaozu_Benji-8] Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Biography of Emperor Gaozu.

[9] "The Alexandrian Library". New Advent. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[10] Lewis, Bernard; Lloyd-Jones, Hugh. "The Vanished Library". The New York Review. Retrieved 5 December 2014.

[11] Chakra, Hayden (April 14, 2021). "The Yellow Turban Rebellion - 21 Years of Struggle". About History. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[12] Crespigny, Rafe (2017). Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 419. ISBN 9789004324916.

[13] Dirk Rohmann, Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity, (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016), 240.

[14] John Edwin Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship From the End of the Sixth Century B.C. to the End of the Middle Ages, (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 113.

[15] Bull, Robert J. "Caesarea Maritima: The Search for Herod's City." Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 8, no. 3, 1982.

[16] Evans, Craig A. (2020). "Longevity of Late Antique Autographs and First Copies: A Postscriptum," in Scribes and Their Remains, ed. Craig A. Evans and Jeremiah J. Johnston, vol. 21, Studies in Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity. T&T Clark.

[17] Vailhé, Siméon (1907–1913). "Caesarea Palaestinae," in The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, ed. Charles G. Herbermann et al. The Encyclopedia Press.

[18] Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.

[19] Libraries, Claude Gilliot, Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, Index, ed. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, (Routledge, 2006), 451.

[20] Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn (January 1935). "Moslem Libraries and Sectarian Propaganda". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 51 (2). The University of Chicago Press: 93–94. doi:10.1086/370447. JSTOR 528860. S2CID 170296340. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[21] Wolverton, Lisa (2001). Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8122-3613-0.

[22] Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 69.

[C.E._Bosworth,_1977-23] C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, (Columbia University Press, 1977), 117.

[24] The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm, George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (July, 1938):16.

[25] Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamisation from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. California University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-520-05753-8.

[26] Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964) The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans

[27] Taxidis, Ilias (2022). "Public and Private libraries in Byzantium". In Kotzabassi, Sofia (ed.). A Companion to the Intellectual Life of the Palaeologan Period. Brill. p. 458. ISBN 978-90-04-52708-9.

[28] Ibn Taymiyya, David Waines, The Islamic World, ed. Andrew Rippin, (Routledge, 2008), 382

[29] George Lane, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 88.

[30] Robert S. Nelson, The Italian Appreciation and Appropriation of Illuminated Byzantine Manuscripts, Ca. 1200–1450, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 49 (1995): 209-210.

[31] Mercedes Garcia-Arenal Rodriquez and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism, transl. Consuelo Lopez-Morillas, (Brill, 2013), 41.

[32] (DE)Edit Szegedi, Geschichtsbewusstsein und Gruppenidentität, (Bohlau Verlag, 2002), 223.

[33] "Notarial Archives discovery: Documents from Gozo dating to 1431 saved from the bin". The Malta Independent. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019.

[34] Abela, Joan (2016). "Unearthing Gozo's Lost Medieval Past". In Vella, Charlene (ed.). At Home in Art: Essays in Honour of Mario Buhagiar. Malta: Midsea Books. pp. 29–46. ISBN 9789993275985.

[strange-35] 1 2 3 4Witt, Maria (September–October 2005). "The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century". FYI France. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[welcometo-36] 1 2Lech Chmielewski. "In the House under the Sign of the Kings". Welcome to Warsaw. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

[37] Maria Witt (September–October 2005). "The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw". The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century. FYI France. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

[38] Rebecca Knuth (2006). Burning books and leveling libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.

[39] "Dom pod Królami". warszawa1939.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2008-02-17.

[Rebecca_Knuth_2006_https://archive.org/details/burningbooksleve00rebe/page/166_166-40] 12Rebecca Knuth (2006). Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.

[41] "Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

[42] Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library : An Illustrated History. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.

[43] "Thomas Jefferson's Library". Library of Congress. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

[44] Tovar de Teresa, Guillermo (1990). La ciudad de los palacios: crónica de un patrimonio perdido, Volume 1. Editorial Vuelta. p. 14. ISBN 9789686258172.

[45] Báez, Guillermo (2013). Historia Universal de la Destrucción de Libros. OCEANO. pp. 220–222.

[46] Wolfe, Suzanne Rau (1983). The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–59.

[47] R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 111.

[48] Bird, George W. (1897). Wanderings in Burma. London: F. J. Bright & Son. p. 254.

[49] Kramer, Alan (2008). Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-84614-013-6.Gibson, Craig (2008). "The culture of destruction in the First World War". Times Literary Supplement. No. January 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-02-18.

[50] University of Louvain, International Dictionary of University Histories, ed. Carol J. Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, Anthony Levi, (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), 531.

[51] Hill, J. R. (2003). A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland 1921–84. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter II p2. ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7.

[52] Ferriter, Diarmaid (2010). The Limits of Liberty – Episode 1. RTÉ.

[53] Godley, Michael R. (1988). "Review of The Life and Times of Zhang Yuanji, 1867-1959 by Manying Ip". Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs: 415–418. doi:10.2307/2158575. JSTOR 2158575. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[54] A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932. Mercury Press. 1932. p. 5. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[55] Jiayun, Ke (March 15, 2018). "Bombed-out library with revolutionary past". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[Ruiz-56] Ruiz, David (13 February 2016). "Los revolucionarios volaron la Catedral, pero no la Universidad"[The revolutionaries blew up the Cathedral, but not the University]. Atlántica XXII (in Spanish) (41). Retrieved 9 October 2024. a día de hoy ya no hay plena constancia de que el trágico episodio tenga la firma de los revolucionarios que combatieron en la capital.

[lostmemoryunesco-57] 1 2 3 4Hoeven, Hans van der; Albada, Jan van (1996). "Lost memory: libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century". United Nations. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[58] Dejan Ristić (3 April 2016). "Hitler je naredio: prvo uništiti Narodnu biblioteku"[Hitler ordered: first destroy the National Library]. Politika (in Serbian).

[59] Jelena Čalija, Dejan Ristić (15 March 2020). "Двоструко страдање Народне библиотеке Србије" [Double suffering of the National Library of Serbia]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 8.

[60] Majewski, Piotr (2005). Wojna i kultura. Instytucje kultury polskiej w okupacyjnych realiach Generalnego Gubernatorstwa 1939–1945. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo TRI. p. 271. ISBN 83-7436-003-8.

[61] Strebel, Adam (1948). "Archives of Warsaw following the war"(PDF). Przegląd Historyczny. 37: 357–373. Retrieved 22 July 2021.

[62] Hanneman, Mary L. (2007). Hasegawa Nyozekan and Liberalism in Modern Japan. Global Oriental. p. 24. ISBN 978-9004213364.

[63] Solt, John (2020). Shredding the Tapestry of Meaning: The Poetry and Poetics of Kitasono Katue (1902–1978) (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 3. ISBN 978-1684173266.

[64] Weiss, Andrew (2014). Using Massive Digital Libraries: A LITA Guide (reprint ed.). American Library Association. ISBN 978-0838919743.

[65] "Biblioteka na Koszykowej: O nas". Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2021.

[66] Knuth, Rebecca (2006-06-27). Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library(PDF). IFLA. Retrieved 2008-08-30.

[67] Brar, Kamaldeep Singh (20 June 2019). "Explained: The mystery of missing articles of Sikh Reference Library". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020.

[68] Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf

[69] "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News".

[The_Smoking_Gun_Recovered,_United_Sikhs_documentary-70] The Smoking Gun Recovered, United Sikhs documentary"|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6AFP1NiF-U

[BCU-71] "1895 – 1948 Fundaţia Universitară "Carol I"". Istoric (in Romanian). Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[EVZ-72] "Legea recunoştinţei, made in Romania:agenţii represiunii ceauşiste au ajuns luptători remarcaţi". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). June 3, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[bmip-73] 1 2"Related Articles". The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[erasingthepast-74] Riedlmayer, Andras (July 1995). "Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.

[crimesofwar-75] Riedlmayer, Andras J (2007). "Crimes of war, crimes of peace: destruction of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s". Library Trends. 56 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 107–132. doi:10.1353/lib.2007.0057. hdl:2142/3784. S2CID 38806101.

[76] "Homepage". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[77] "Abkhazia's archive: fire of war, ashes of history". YouTube. November 30, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[antoon-78] Baets, Antoon (2002). Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313311932. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[79] "Prized Iraqi annals 'lost in blaze'". BBC. April 14, 2003. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[80] "Photos by Dr Saad Eskander of damage to Iraq National Library and Archive". Retrieved 5 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[81] "Pictures of Damaged Libraries in Iraq". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2014.

[82] "MELA Committee on Iraqi Libraries". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.

[83] "ICBS -Assessment of damage to Libraries and Archives in Iraq". Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014.

[84] Norton, Daniel; Henk, Mandy; Fagin, Betsy; Taylor, Jaime; Loeb, Zachary (Spring 2012). "OCCUPY WALL STREET LIBRARIANS SPEAK OUT"(PDF). Progressive Librarian. 38/39 (38/39): 3–16. Retrieved 21 October 2018.

[85] "Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón". El Pais (in Spanish). December 18, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[GuardianMayor-86] Harding, Luke (January 28, 2013). "Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.

[GuardianIntro-87] Walker, Peter (January 28, 2013). "Timbuktu library is treasure house of centuries of Malian history". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.

[88] "Fleeing Islamists burn priceless Timbuktu library". Debkaflile. January 28, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[89] Lor, Pieter (2013). "Burning Libraries for the People: Questions and Challenges for the Library Profession in South Africa"(PDF). Libri. 6 (4): 359–372. doi:10.1515/libri-2013-0028. S2CID 31109022. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[90] Nikiforuk, Andrew (30 December 2013). "Secret Memo Casts Doubt on Feds' Claims for Science Library Closures: Goal stated is 'culling' research, not preserving and sharing through digitization". The Tyee. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[91] "Irreplaceable research lost from purged federal libraries: BC Green Party MLA Andrew Weaver says government didn't digitize entire libraries as promised". News1130. 6 January 2014.

[92] "Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli's "Al Sa'eh" Library Burned". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06.

[93] "Tripoli Figures Condemn Torching Famed Library as Father Sarrouj 'Forgives Attackers'". Archived from the original on 2014-01-07.

[94] "20 Pictures Of Al Sa'eh Library in Tripoli Before It Got Torched". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06.

[BiHsud-95] 1 2"Custody of the Suspects Hatibović and Trnka terminated and prohibiting measures ordered". Court of Bosnia & Herzegovina. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.

[96] "Sedmorica osumnjičena za paljenje Predsjedništva i Arhiva BiH" (in Croatian). tportal.hr. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.

[tportalhr-97] "Ogromna šteta, dio dokumentacije nepovratno uništen". tportal.hr. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.

[13febB92-98] "Nepovratno uništen deo Arhiva BiH". B92. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.

[60posto-99] "Direktor Arhiva BiH tvrdi: Izgorjelo je 60 posto depoa". Oslobođenje. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

[elaph20150122-100] 1 2""داعش" يحرق آلاف الكتب في الموصل والأنبار". elaph.com. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.

[336926quartz-101] "A Moscow library containing rare UN documents, ancient Slavic texts, and 14 million books is on fire". QUARTZ. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.

[yahoo20150122-102] "ISIS Burns 8000 Rare Books and Manuscripts in Mosul". Yahoo Finance (The Fiscal Times). 23 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.

[103] Withnall, Adam (7 September 2016). "'Nazi-style' book burning roundly condemned - but protesters say incident masks a bigger problem". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2021.

[:0-104] Ali, Faisal Mohammed (22 April 2023). "Bihar Sharif: The 113-year-old India library torched in a riot". BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2025.

[:1-105] Faisal, Meer (10 April 2023). "India town mourns burning of historic library at Muslim school". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 December 2025.

[106] "Ram Navami violence: 77 arrested; mob vandalises madrasa in Bihar Sharif". www.thehindu.com. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

[107] Mahieu, Rosalie (2024-12-09). "No. 029 – Centre culturel Rashad al-Shawwa"[Rashad al-Shawwa Cultural Center]. Gaza, inventaire d’un patrimoine bombardé (in French). Retrieved 2025-10-01.

[108] "Israeli Damage to Archives, Libraries, and Museums in Gaza, October 2023–January 2024 – Librarians and Archivists with Palestine". Retrieved 2025-11-26.

[109] Walker, Steven. "New College of Florida tosses hundreds of library books, empties gender diversity library". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 2026-06-08.

[110] Raven, J., ed. (2004). Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 7. ISBN 0230524257.

[111] Mack, Edward (2010). Manufacturing Modern Japanese Literature: Publishing, Prizes, and the Ascription of Literary Value (illustrated ed.). Duke University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0822391654.

[112] Scott, Andrew C. (2020). Fire: a Very Short Introduction. Vol. 640 of Very Short Introductions Series (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0198830030.

[113] "yoquepierdo: Preserving Memories from Nicaragua". Los Angeles Archivists Collective. 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[114] Ndumu, Ana; Mon, Lorraine (2018). "An investigation of the experiences of Nicaraguan Costeño librarians". IFLA Journal. 44 (2): 106–118. doi:10.1177/0340035218764496. ISSN 0340-0352.

[115] "The Economic Impact of the 26 December 2004 Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami in Thailand - OD Mekong Datahub". data.opendevelopmentmekong.net. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[116] Amarasiri, Upali (2005). "Tsunami Affected Libraries in Sri Lanka: Rebuilding Process and Challenges"(PDF). Retrieved January 24, 2024.

[117] Evans, Craig A. (2020). "Longevity of Late Antique Autographs and First Copies: A Postcriptum". In Evans, Craig A.; Johnston, Jeremiah J. (eds.). Scribes and Their Remains. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53.

[118] Alf ÅbergKarl XIWahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm 1958 p. 201

[R1-119] 1 2Notes on the history of Birmingham Public Libraries (1861–1961), Birmingham, 1962

[120] "Charles A. Halbert Public Library". Ministry of Education Saint Christopher and Nevis. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[Moore_1983_e671-121] Moore, Scott (1983-02-16). "Fire brought death to house of tranquility". Trove. Retrieved 2024-03-13.

[122] "The Buildings of Dalhousie University – Weldon Law Building – Building History". Library.dal.ca. 1967-03-18. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-07-10.

[123] "Expert drying out 90,000 law books". Waterloo Region Record. Canadian Press. September 14 1985. Retrieved July 17 2026.{{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)

[124] "April 29 Marks 30th Anniversary of 1986 Fire". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[125] "Leningrad Library Fire". Abbey Newsletter. Jun 1988. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

[126] "1994: Library fire wipes out historic records". BBC. August 1994. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved May 9, 2022.

[127] "Norwich Central Library fire 25 years on". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[128] Walker, Peter (23 May 2014). "Glasgow School of Art fire: fire damages Charles Rennie Mackintosh building - as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[129] Brooks, Libby (26 November 2014). "Glasgow School of Art fire caused by gases from foam canister, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[130] Solly, Meilan. "Glasgow School of Art Will Be Rebuilt, But Construction Could Last Up to a Decade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

[131] "Mzuni library completely destroyed by fire". The Maravi Post. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.

[132] Dube, Gift Alfred B.; Kanyundo, Allan J.; Majawa, Felix P. "COPING WITH THE FIRE DISASTER AT MZUZU UNIVERSITY: EXPERIENCES FROM LIBRARIANS AND STUDENTS"(PDF). Scecsal. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[133] Persens, Lizell (2021-04-18). "Fire wreaks destruction on UCT". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 2021-04-18.

[134] Tembo, Theolin (2021-04-18). "Some of our valuable collections at Jagger Library have been lost in the fire, says UCT libraries head". Independent Online (South Africa). Retrieved 2021-04-18.

[135] Kirkwood, C.; Noble, M.; Singer, M. (2023). "What we lost in the Jagger Library fire". Africa Bibliography, Research and Documentation. 2: 12–29. doi:10.1017/abd.2023.9.

[136] Burning the Books by Richard Ovenden review – the libraries we have lost ; The Guardian; 31 August 2020; accessed 2020-09-02

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[ 4 ]

[ 5 ]

[

[

[ 8 ]

[ 9 ]

[ 10 ]

[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

[ 13 ]

[ 14 ]

[ 15 ]

[ 16 ]

[ 17 ]

[ 18 ]

[ 19 ]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[ 35 ]

[ 36 ]

[ 37 ]

[ 38 ]

[ 39 ]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[ 48 ]

[ 49 ]

[ 50 ]

[ 51 ]

[

[ 53 ]

[ 54 ]

[ 55 ]

[ 56 ]

[ 57 ]

[

[

[ 60 ]

[ 61 ]

[ 62 ]

[ 63 ]

[ 64 ]

[ 65 ]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

[101]

اللغة	العربية (RTL)
روابط موسوعية	30 رابطاً
المصدر الأصلي	ويكيبيديا ↗