مفردات اللغة الهندية الأوروبية

📅 آخر تحديث: ٣١ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
✍️ نُشر في: ٣١ يوليو ٢٠٢٦
الموسوعة الحرة

فيما يلي جدول يتضمن العديد من الكلمات والجذور الأساسية للغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية (PIE)، مع الكلمات المشابهة لها في جميع العائلات الرئيسية من السلالات المنحدرة منها.

ملحوظات

تُستخدم الاصطلاحات التالية:

القرابة

الناس

الضمائر والجسيمات

أرقام

Body

الحيوانات

الغذاء والزراعة

الوظائف الجسدية والحالات

Mental functions and states

General conditions and states

Natural features

التعليمات

الصفات الأساسية

الضوء واللون

Positive qualities

Construction, fabrication

Self-motion, rest

Object motion

Time

Ideas and rituals

Unclassified

Derivatives

  1. ↑maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira, alma mater, etc.
  2. ↑DēmḗtērDemeter;mētrópolis "metropolis, lit., mother-city"
  3. ↑paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre, etc.
  4. ↑"genitor, progenitor"
  5. ↑fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar,[b] confrere
  6. ↑sorority
  7. ↑nepotism
  8. ↑avuncular
  9. ↑human, humanity, ad hominem, etc
  10. ↑virile, virtue, triumvir(ate), etc.[p]
  11. ↑regal, regalia, regicide, royal, etc.
  12. ↑corps, corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporate, etc.
  13. ↑cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate, decapitate, per capita, kaput, etc.
  14. ↑language, lingo etc.
  15. ↑ocular, binoculars, etc.
  16. ↑core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage, etc.
  17. ↑cruel, crude
  18. ↑tripod, podium, etc.
  19. ↑manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate etc.
  20. ↑Danbryn > brine; brim
  21. ↑pecunious, impecunious
  22. 12auspices, auspicious
  23. ↑grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate, etc.
  24. ↑agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate, etc.
  25. ↑promulgate, emulsion, etc.
  26. ↑molar (tooth)
  27. ↑immolate
  28. ↑maul, mallet, malleable
  29. ↑ Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic
  30. ↑ fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence
  31. ↑saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary
  32. ↑semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative, etc.
  33. ↑member, membrane
  34. ↑ "dorm, dormitory, dorter"
  35. ↑progeny, progenitor
  36. ↑nee[aw]
  37. ↑nascent
  38. ↑native, nativity, etc.
  39. ↑SpaNavidad "Christmas"
  40. ↑nature, natural, etc.
  41. ↑nation, national, etc.
  42. ↑Natalia, Natalie, Natasha, Noël, etc.
  43. ↑general, generic, generate, generous, congenital, degenerate, gender, genre, etc.
  44. ↑gent, gentle, gentleman, gentile, genteel, etc.
  45. ↑genitive, primogeniture, etc.
  46. ↑ingenuous, ingenu, ingenue
  47. ↑ingenious, engine, engineer, gin (instrument, as in cotton gin), etc.
  48. ↑germ, germinate, germane, etc., but not German
  49. ↑genitals, genitalia
  50. ↑genesis, genes, genetic, etc.
  51. ↑auction, etc.
  52. ↑author, etc.
  53. ↑augment, etc.
  54. ↑augury, inaugurate, etc.
  55. ↑August, etc.
  56. ↑auxiliary, etc.
  57. ↑ "audio, audience, obey, obedience, auditorium, etc."
  58. ↑ aesthetic
  59. ↑memento
  60. ↑reminisce
  61. ↑memory
  62. ↑monster
  63. ↑mathematics
  64. ↑ "memory, remember, etc."
  65. ↑ "mora, moratory, moratorium"
  66. ↑ "martyr"
  67. ↑ dekko
  68. ↑ aspect, inspect, respect, prospect, perspective, retrospect, despicable, conspicuous, perspicuous, perspicacious, spectacle, spectacular, etc etc.
  69. ↑ species, spice, special, specify, specific
  70. ↑ spectre, spectrum
  71. ↑ speculate
  72. ↑ scope, -scope, -scopy
  73. ↑ bishop, episcopal
  74. ↑ skeptic, skeptical, skepticism
  75. ↑council, conciliate, etc.
  76. ↑clamor, claim, exclamation, etc.
  77. ↑clear, clarify, etc.
  78. ↑stylus, style (originally same meaning as stylus: a particular form of writing > style)
  79. ↑humble, humility, exhume, etc
  80. ↑ "incinerate, cinerary, cinerarium"
  81. ↑ "foment, fomentation"
  82. ↑ "fever, febrile"
  83. ↑ "February"
  84. ↑pollute, pollution
  85. ↑fort, forte, fortitude, fortification, force, effort, etc
  86. ↑ chernozem, chernukha, Cherno(byl)
  87. ↑ ?Siam
  88. ↑civic, city, citizen, etc.
  89. ↑cite, incite, excite, Incitātus (Caligula's horse), resuscitate, solicit, etc.
  90. ↑site, situation, etc.
  91. ↑expose, exponent, depose, deponent, oppose, opponent, proponent, posit, position, positive, post, etc.
  92. ↑impeccable, impeach
  93. ↑podium, pew
  94. ↑sequence, second, segue, etc.
  95. ↑vert-, verse, versus, version, invert, convert, inverse, reverse, controversy, anniversary etc.
  96. ↑join, joinder, joint, junction, juncture, conjugal, conjugate, conjunct, adjunct, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, jostle, joust, adjust, etc.
  97. ↑local, locate, locality, locomotion, allocate, etc.
  98. ↑epistle, pistle, epistolary, etc.
  99. ↑sect (or possibly from Lat. sequi, "follow"), -sect, sectile, section, sector, dissect, insect, intersect, resect, transect, etc.
  100. ↑carnal, carnage, carnation, carnival, carrion, caruncle, carnivorous, charnel, charcuterie, incarnate, etc., Spacarne
  101. ↑scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, etc.
  102. ↑scruple, scrupulous, etc.
  103. ↑cult, culture, cultivate, incult, etc.
  104. ↑colony, colonial, etc.
  105. ↑collar, accolade, decollate, etc
  106. ↑palindrome, palimpsest, palinode
  107. ↑telegraph, television, etc.
  108. ↑evolve, revolve, involve, involucrum, convolve, devolve, voluble etc.;
  109. ↑vale, valley
  110. ↑helix, helical, helicopter
  111. ↑fruit, fructose
  112. ↑eunuch (lit. bed-keeper)
  113. ↑hectic
  114. ↑scheme, schematic
  115. ↑school, scholar, scholastic
  116. ↑rude, rudimentary, erudite

Footnotes

  1. ↑Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions: Old EnglishMōdraniht ('Night of the Mothers'); Celtic and GermanicMatres and Matronae (Latin for 'Mothers and Matrons'); LatvianMāte ('Mother'); GaulishDea Matrona ('Divine Mother Goddess'); SanskritMatrikas ('Divine Mothers').
  2. ↑e.g., black friar
  3. ↑Phralipe, or Pralipe, "brotherhood", name of several Gypsy/Romany organizations, including a music band and a literary magazine.
  4. ↑sw- > xw-
  5. ↑kʿoyr*swesōr; kʿeʿ < *swesros; kʿor-kʿ < *swesŏres.
  6. ↑Cf. Classical Runic dohtriR 'daughters', in the Tune stone (ca. 400).[20]
  7. ↑Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl').[22]
  8. ↑Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.[27][28]
  9. ↑The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari.[29] However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of Dotari as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in male names.[30]
  10. ↑Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar".[35]
  11. ↑The word is attested in Plate III of the Botorrita plaques. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the Celtic branch.[23][36]
  12. ↑This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch.[37]
  13. ↑As argued by Peyrot and Meng (2021).[43]
  14. ↑cf. divide
  15. ↑bridegome in Middle English, subsequently influenced by groom (archaically "servant, man").
  16. ↑But not virus
  17. ↑See also Thrgoni "woman".[52]
  18. ↑See also Phryknaiko, knaikan "woman".[53]
  19. ↑Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans.[64] However, the stem "is attested ... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages",[65] as seen, for instance, in IllyrianTeuta (a Illyrian female ruler); Messapicteuta (community) and Taotor (name of deity); tribal name Teutons.
  20. ↑However, Robert Beekes suggests a non-Indo-European substrate origin for the stem and its reflexes.[66]
  21. ↑Woudhuizen lists possible reflexes: Phrygian totos, teutous; Mycenaean te-u-ta-(ko-ro).[53] Another reflex appears in Thracian personal name Tautomedes, cited by J. P. Mallory,[69] and Ancient Macedonian (Pelasgian?) general Teutamus.[66]
  22. ↑hēm- < *ām- (with h- after hum- "you (pl.)") < *asm- < *n̥sm-.
  23. 12OEēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High Germaniuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
  24. ↑Cf. Latin ne-que, Gothic ni-h, Hittite ni-kku, Lydian ni-k "and not, nor".
  25. ↑All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or *H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greekmía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
  26. ↑For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").[73]
  27. ↑See also: Umbpeturpursus "quadruped".
  28. ↑Cf. Thrketri- "four".[76]
  29. ↑See also: Oscpomp- "five".[77]
  30. ↑See also Phrypinke "five".[53][78]
  31. ↑Built upon osmŭ "eighth" < *H₁ok̂t-mo-.
  32. ↑With nasalization after *septḿ̥ "seven".
  33. ↑There is the possibility that Lyciansñta could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred".[79][82]
  34. ↑But not kephalḗ!
  35. ↑Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by Sasseville (2020).[111]
  36. ↑Only in *aíƕatundi "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".
  37. ↑Expected form is *vōs, not *bōs; evidently this is a borrowing from Oscan or Umbrian.
  38. ↑bóu, báu are archaic genitives; later báo, bó.
  39. ↑Celtic river-goddess
  40. ↑In the latter case, a direct parallel to Skt. go·vinda- "cow-finder"
  41. ↑River in Ireland
  42. ↑Proposed by Yakubovich and Sasseville (2018).[125]
  43. ↑Cf. also Phry ἔξις or ἔζις (ezi) "hedgehog".
  44. ↑In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.
  45. ↑See also Illyrian tribal nameEnchele "eel-people".
  46. ↑The name migrated to Eastern Europe,[150] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"[151] or "water snake"[152] in Balkanic and Slavic languages.[153]
  47. ↑See also Ovinnik 'a spirit of the barn'.[191]
  48. 12Lit. drinking implement
  49. ↑Via French né, née
  50. ↑Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
  51. ↑Seen in many personal or tribal names: Biuitoni, Biuonia, Dago-bius, etc
  52. ↑This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))
  53. ↑Derived by some from *men- "to think"
  54. ↑standard present tense formed using a suppletive root
  55. ↑all Slavic languages
  56. ↑Under the misguided influence of Greek stûlos "pillar"
  57. ↑Cf. Asteria (litt.) "starry one"; Astraeus "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); Astraea "star-maiden"; Cretan king Asterion "starry".
  58. ↑acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. nom. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄uš, gen. strǝ̄m, dat. stǝrǝbyō.
  59. ↑Tīw < *déywos was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.
  60. ↑*déywos > Lat. deus; gen. *deiwī > Lat. dīvī. From each stem a full declension was formed.
  61. ↑According to linguist Vitaly Shevoroshkin, the noun exists in other Anatolian languages: Lycianziw-; Lydianciv-; LuwianTiwa-; PalaicTija-.[124]
  62. ↑Other dialectal variants are Cretanawélios or ābélios; Doricāélios.
  63. ↑Seen in chamomile (from khamaimēlon "earth-apple") and chameleon (from khamailéōn "earth-lion").[189]
  64. 1234It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péh₂wōr -> ph₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
  65. ↑Februārius mēnsis - Roman month of expiation
  66. ↑Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange.[296] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia.[297]
  67. ↑The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
  68. ↑Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
  69. ↑Replaced OEsār, compare Ger sehr
  70. 12*H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *h₁rewdʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *h₂erǵ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰewb- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dʰub-ro-).
  71. ↑contested
  72. ↑Cf. also Thracarzas "white".[328]
  73. ↑Etymon rudá appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".[338]
  74. ↑Latin etymons galbus ("yellow") and galbinus ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.[344]
  75. ↑See also: Phrglouros "gold".[345][346]
  76. ↑Not cognate
  77. ↑ibetis uciu andecari biiete - 'drink from here and be nice' - Limé (Aisne) inscription
  78. ↑See also Umbrian benust (Latin uenerit) and Oscan kúm-bened (Latin conuentio).
  79. ↑Now compare 'prose' and 'verse'
  80. ↑wagon is a loan-word from Dutch.
  81. ↑Some of these words might instead derive from *sekʷ- "to follow"
  82. ↑Not related to Spanish alquilar
  83. ↑Probably
  84. ↑See also Hesperus "evening star"; Hesperides "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".
  85. ↑Attested in the Coligny calendar, written in Gaulish language.
  86. ↑Douglas Q. Adams reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations.[458][459]
  87. ↑Influenced by zǝrǝd "heart".
  88. ↑Range of meanings across the different Slavic languages
  89. ↑as in 'to boot', 'bootless'
  90. ↑exact cognate of Héktōr

Tabular notes

  1. 123 Complex ablauting stem:
    SingularPlural
    LanguageNomAccGenDatNomAccGen
    PIEgʷṓwsgʷṓmgʷéwsgʷéweygʷówesgʷówm̥sgʷéwoHom
    Sanskritgáusgā́mgṓsgávēgā́vasgā́sgávām
    Avestangāušgąmgāušgavegā̆vōgā̊gavąm
  2. ↑ Complex ablauting stem:
    LanguageNomAccVocGenDatLocInstr Pl
    PIEd(i)yḗwsdyḗmdyéwdiw-és, -ósdiwéydyéwi and dyéw?
    GreekZdeúsZdẽnZdeũDi(w)ósDi(w)í
    Sanskritd(i)yāúsdyā́m?divás, dyōsdivḗdyáví, divídyú-bhis
  3. 12 Complex ablauting stem:
    LanguageNomAccVocGenDatLocInstr Pl
    PIEd(i)yēusdyēumdyĕudiw-és, -ósdiwéidyéwi and dyēu?
    GreekZdeúsZdẽnZdeũDi(w)ósDi(w)í
    Sanskritd(i)yāúsdyā́m?divás, dyōsdivḗdyáví, divídyú-bhis

References

  1. ↑Dnghu, pp. 1993-1994.
  2. ↑Pokorny, pp. 700-701.
  3. 12Dnghu, p. 2394.
  4. 12Pokorny, p. 829.
  5. 12Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 210.
  6. ↑Dnghu, pp. 485-486.
  7. ↑Pokorny, pp. 163-164.
  8. 12Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 214.
  9. ↑Yūsuke, Sumi (2018). New Express Romani (Gypsy). p. 142.
  10. ↑Kenrick, Donald (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies. Scarecrow Press. pp. 195, 204. ISBN 978-0-8108-5468-0.
  11. ↑Zair, Nicholas (2012). The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Brill. p. 110. doi:10.1163/9789004233096. ISBN 978-90-04-22539-8.
  12. ↑Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. Compendium of the World's Languages. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-415-62191-5
  13. ↑Dnghu, p. 3027.
  14. ↑Pokorny, p. 1051.
  15. ↑Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1 December 2015). "Gaulish SUIOREBE 'with two sisters'". Lingua Posnaniensis. 57 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1515/linpo-2015-0011. S2CID 56122374.
  16. ↑Kloekhorst, Alwin (2011). "The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter'". Accent Matters. pp. 235–243. doi:10.1163/9789401200325_009. ISBN 978-90-420-3332-0.
  17. ↑Dnghu, pp. 757-758.
  18. ↑Pokorny, p. 277.
  19. ↑Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 213.
  20. ↑Schulte, Michael (2026). "Northwest Germanic anew: A geolinguistic assessment based on runic evidence". Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. 148 (2): 173-213 [177, 179]. doi:10.1515/bgsl-2026-0011.
  21. ↑García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. pp. 382-383. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9
  22. ↑García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. p. 388. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9
  23. 12Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de (January 2013). "Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". Indogermanische Forschungen. 118 (2013). doi:10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259. S2CID 199664295.
  24. ↑Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (6): 237–245. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  25. ↑Hughes, Art J. (2023). "A synchronic and diachronic reappraisal of Indo-European *dʱug̑ʱh2ter- 'daughter' and *suhxnú- 'son' in Celtic dialects, Insular and Continental". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. 31 (1): 117–134. doi:10.1515/dialect-2023-0006.
  26. ↑Oshiro, Terumasa (1990). "On Kinship Terms in Hieroglyphic Luwian". Orient. 26: 86–93. doi:10.5356/orient1960.26.86. S2CID 162342792. INIST 6146291.
  27. ↑Milanova, Veronika (2019). "MUNUS/Fduttarii̯ata/I- and Some Other Indo-European Maidens". Hrozný and Hittite. pp. 277–294. doi:10.1163/9789004413122_015. ISBN 978-90-04-41312-2. S2CID 213576150.
  28. ↑Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. pp. 1042-1044. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
  29. ↑Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯2TER." (2001). In: Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata. Šefčík, Ondřej (editor); Vykypěl, Bohumil (editor). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 2001. p. 25. http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/123188
  30. ↑Simon, Zsolt (2017). "Selected Pisidian problems and the position of Pisidian within the Anatolian languages". Journal of Language Relationship. 15 (1): 37. doi:10.31826/jlr-2017-151-207. S2CID 212688432.
  31. 12Dnghu, p. 2642.
  32. 12Pokorny, pp. 913-914.
  33. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 211.
  34. 12Monier Williams, p. 1240.
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  244. ↑Monier Williams, p. 831.
  245. ↑Dnghu, pp. 598-599.
  246. ↑Pokorny, p. 213.
  247. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 325.
  248. ↑Monier Williams, p. 491.
  249. ↑Dnghu, p. 2840.
  250. ↑Pokorny, p. 984.
  251. ↑Monier Williams, p. 611.
  252. ↑Dnghu, p. 1798.
  253. ↑Pokorny, pp. 638-639.
  254. ↑Monier Williams, p. 280.
  255. ↑Dnghu, p. 329
  256. ↑Dnghu, pp. 1497-1499
  257. ↑Pokorny, pp. 548-550
  258. ↑Pokorny, pp. 161-162
  259. ↑Delamarre (2003), p. 50.
  260. ↑Dnghu, pp. 2926-2927.
  261. ↑Pokorny, pp. 1016-1017.
  262. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 513.
  263. ↑Monier Williams, p. 454.
  264. ↑Dnghu, pp. 3050-3052.
  265. ↑Pokorny, pp. 1053-1054.
  266. 1234Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 123
  267. ↑Lurker, Manfred (2004). A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 325. ISBN 0-415-03943-6
  268. ↑Dominicy, Marc. Phonological Reconstruction: Problems and Methods. Ed. de l'Univ. de Bruxelles, 1988. p. 42.
  269. ↑Dnghu, p. 64.
  270. ↑Pokorny, pp. 18-22.
  271. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 121.
  272. ↑Monier Williams, p. 114.
  273. ↑Dnghu, p. 1902.
  274. ↑Pokorny, p. 678.
  275. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 122.
  276. ↑Still scanned as three syllables in some passages of the Rigveda, Ringe (2006) p. 77.
  277. ↑Monier Williams, p. 557.
  278. ↑Ringe (2006) p. 77, sourced to Melchert (1994) p. 54.
  279. ↑Mallory, p. 202.
  280. ↑Andersen, Henning (12 October 2021). "PIE *peh2ur 'fire'. Two Slavic etymologies". Slovene Linguistic Studies. 13. doi:10.3986/sjsls.13.1.01. S2CID 243579408.
  281. ↑Mallory, pp. 99, 123, 124.
  282. ↑Dnghu, pp. 265-266
  283. ↑Pokorny, pp. 68-69
  284. ↑Dnghu, p. 1517.
  285. ↑Pokorny, p. .
  286. ↑Dnghu, pp. 652-653.
  287. ↑Pokorny, pp. 240-241.
  288. ↑Monier Williams, p. 477.
  289. ↑Dnghu, p. 954
  290. ↑Pokorny, p. 347
  291. ↑UESUGI, Heindio; CATT, Adam Alvah, eds. (2024). Old Avestan Dictionary (Thesis). Asian and African Lexicon. Vol. 67. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa; Tokyo Language of Foreign Studies. p. 298. ISBN 9784863375420.
  292. ↑Kortlandt, Frederik (12 December 2011). "The development of the Indo-European syllabic resonants in Balto-Slavic". Baltistica. 42 (1): 7–12. doi:10.15388/baltistica.42.1.938.
  293. ↑Panaino, Antonio (2019). "The Ancient Iranian Cosmography and its Evolution". A Walk through the Iranian Heavens. pp. 55–100. doi:10.1163/9789004460690_007. ISBN 978-1-949743-14-2.
  294. ↑Dnghu, p. 1926.
  295. ↑Pokorny, p. 681.
  296. ↑Birnbaum, Henrik. Problems of Typological and Genetic Linguistics Viewed in a Generative Framework. The Hague; Paris: Mouton. 1970. p. 116.
  297. ↑Gračanin, Hrvoje (29 September 2010). "Rimske prometnice i komunikacije u kasnoantičkoj južnoj Panoniji". Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). 10 (1): 9–69. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  298. ↑Martirosyan, Hrach (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian". Journal of Language Relationship. 10 (1): 85–138 [94]. doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-100107.
  299. ↑Dnghu, p. 536
  300. ↑MMW, p. 509.
  301. ↑Mallory, p. 106.
  302. ↑Dnghu, pp. 664-665.
  303. ↑Pokorny, p. 245-246.
  304. ↑Dnghu, p. 2074.
  305. ↑Pokorny, p. 738.
  306. ↑Monier Williams, pp. 791, 812.
  307. ↑Dnghu, p. 517
  308. ↑Delamarre (2003), p. 82.
  309. ↑Dnghu, pp. 384-386.
  310. ↑Pokorny, pp. 140-141.
  311. ↑Monier Williams, p. 737.
  312. 12Majer, Marek (30 December 2017). "A Note on the Balto-Slavic and Indo-European Background of the Proto-Slavic Adjective *svętъ 'Holy'". Studia Ceranea. 7: 139–149. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.07.09. hdl:11089/24662.
  313. 123Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 410
  314. ↑Monier Williams, pp. 737-741.
  315. ↑Burrow, pp. 139-142.
  316. ↑Dnghu, pp. 3332-3333.
  317. ↑Pokorny, pp. 1165-1166.
  318. ↑Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 338.
  319. ↑Dnghu, p. 576
  320. ↑Delamarre (2003), p. 39.
  321. ↑Dnghu, p. 478.
  322. 12345Beekes, p. 40.
  323. ↑Dnghu, p. 61
  324. ↑Dnghu, p. 291
  325. ↑Dnghu, p. 360
  326. ↑Mallory, J. P.; Huld, Martin E. (1984). "Proto-Indo-European 'Silver'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 97 (1): 1–12. JSTOR 40848726.
  327. ↑Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-521-08558-8
  328. ↑Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag. p. 74. ISBN 3-88893-031-6.
  329. ↑Monier Williams, p. 90.
  330. ↑Dnghu, pp. 1776-1777.
  331. ↑Pokorny, pp. 628-629.
  332. 1234Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 331.
  333. ↑Monier Williams, p. 1106.
  334. ↑Dnghu, p. 1550.
  335. ↑Pokorny, p. 583.
  336. ↑Monier Williams, p. 306.
  337. ↑García Ramón, J. L. "Mycenaean onomastics". In: A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. Volume 2. Edited by Yves Duhoux and Anna Morpurgo Davies. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. Peeters: Louvain-la-Neuve – Walpole, MA. 2011. pp. 215, 223.
  338. ↑Uusküla, M (2008). "The basic colour terms of Czech". Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. 12 (1): 3–28. doi:10.3176/tr.2008.1.01. Gale A200506572.
  339. ↑Jasińska, Katarzyna; Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. "The Indo-European heritage in Modern Polish – introductory remarks". In: The Indo-European legacy in language and culture. eds. A. Dudziak, A. Zlobin, M. Payunena. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo UWM, 2019. p. 196.
  340. ↑Stifter, David (1998). "Study in red"(PDF). Study in Red. 40 (2): 202–223. INIST 13939226.
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  342. ↑Blazek, Václav (2017). "Indo-European "Gold" in Time and Space". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 267–311. ProQuest 2070902356.
  343. ↑Prósper, Blanca María (2017). "Proto-Italic laryngeals in the context CLHC- and new Italic and Celtic etymological connections". Rivista italiana di linguistica e di dialettologia (XIX). doi:10.19272/201704801004.
  344. ↑Oksana, Tsaregorodtseva (2014). "Semantic processes in derivatives of the etymological root *ghel- (*ghel-) / *glend(ʰ)- to shine, to sparkle". Language and Culture (1): 69–74.
  345. ↑Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. 2010. p. 461. ISBN 978-1-4051-8895-1
  346. ↑Sowa, Wojciech (2007). "A note to 'Phrygian' words in Greek". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. pp. 153–170. ISBN 978-83-233-2345-7.
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  348. ↑Pokorny, pp. 540-541.
  349. ↑Monier Williams, p. 1094.
  350. ↑KAYĀNIĀN vi. Siiāuuaršan, Siyāwaxš, Siāvaš, Encyclopedia Iranica
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  353. ↑Monier Williams, p. 721.
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  358. ↑Puhvel, Jaan (1980). "On the Origin and Congeners of Hittite aššu-'good'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 94 (1/2): 65–70. JSTOR 40848616.
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  364. ↑Monier Williams, p. 1134.
  365. ↑Pokorny, pp. 1039-1040.
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  367. ↑Monier Williams, p. 1279.
  368. ↑Beekes, p. 34.
  369. ↑Dnghu, pp.583-586.
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  371. ↑Mallory & Adams (2006), 220.
  372. ↑Erkut, Sedat (1 October 2006). "Hititçe-Kugulla Sözcüğü"(PDF). Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 25 (40): 108–111. doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000247.
  373. ↑Chadwick, John; Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". Glotta. 41 (3/4): 157–271. JSTOR 40265918.
  374. ↑Lewis & Short
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  376. ↑Lühr, Rosemarie (2014). "Spinne am Morgen bringt Kummer und Sorgen". Denkströme. 13.
  377. ↑Haruyuki Saito. Das Partizipium Präteriti im Tocharischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. pp. 556-557. ISBN 3-447-05330-5
  378. ↑Kim, Ronald I. (March 2019). "Old English Cyme and the Proto-Indo-European Aorist Optative in Germanic". Transactions of the Philological Society. 117 (1): 96–111. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12147. S2CID 150325591.
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  389. ↑Rix (2001), pp. 643-644.
  390. ↑Ivanov V. V. "Balto-anatolica I: Luvian zammantiš ""new born child"": Old Prussian gemmons "born"". In: Res Balticae Nr. 04, 1998 pp. 67-85.
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  427. 12Pokorny, pp. 326-332
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  429. ↑Pokorny, pp. 900-901.
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Bibliography

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  • Dnghu. Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, CCA-GNU)
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  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
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  • Kölligan, Daniel (2018). "The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp. 2229–2279. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-045. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. S2CID 134708437.
  • Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. ISBN 2-7200-1028-6
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  • Monier-Williams, Monier (1960). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon.

Further reading

On numerals:

On nature and the passage of time:

On animals:

On kinship and family:

  • Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79–89. ISBN 978-3-89500-681-4
  • Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153–176. ISBN 978-83-233-2758-5
  • Fernández, Esteban Ngomo (2022). "La palabra para 'hija' en indoeuropeo: un análisis comparativo"[THE WORD FOR 'DAUGHTER' IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS]. Revista Española de Lingüística (in Spanish). 52 (1): 169–182. doi:10.31810/RSEL.52.1.5. S2CID 250377644.
  • Friedrich, Paul (January 1966). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship". Ethnology. 5 (1): 1–36. doi:10.2307/3772899. JSTOR 3772899.
  • Galton, Herbert (1957). "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 82 (1): 121–138. JSTOR 25840433.
  • Hettrich, Heinrich (1985). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in linguistics and Anthropology". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (4): 453–480. JSTOR 30028080.
  • Heltoft, Lars (29 April 2020). "The Malt stone as evidence for a morphological archaism: Reconstructing the Proto-Nordic and Proto-Germanic systems of kinship terms". NOWELE. 73 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1075/nowele.00031.hel. S2CID 219013196.
  • Humphreys, S. C. (2017). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 373–425. ProQuest 2070902282.
  • Kullanda, Sergey (February 2002). "Indo-European 'Kinship Terms' Revisited". Current Anthropology. 43 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1086/324127. S2CID 224797067.
  • Milanova, Veronika (2020). "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept 'Offspring' and its Semantic Extensions in IndoEuropean Languages". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 48 (1–2): 189–217. ProQuest 2429828943.
  • Pârvulescu, Adrian (1 January 1989). "Blood and IE. Kinship Terminology". Indogermanische Forschungen. 94 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1515/if-1989-0107. S2CID 171400036.
  • Rau, Jeremy (2011). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and its Derivatives". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 124: 1–25. doi:10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.1. JSTOR 41553560.
  • Starke, Frank (1987). "Die Vertretungen von uridg. *d h ugh₂tér- "Tochter" in den luwischen Sprachen und ihre Stammbildung". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 100 (2): 243–269. JSTOR 40848875.

On agriculture and produce:

  • Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European 'barley'". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-3-95490-202-6
  • Hyllested, Adam (2019). "Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology". Dispersals and Diversification. pp. 130–143. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_007. ISBN 978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID 213979041.
  • Mikić, Aleksandar (14 December 2011). "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes". Indogermanische Forschungen. 116 (2011): 60–71. doi:10.1515/9783110239485.60. S2CID 170487201.
  • Mikić, Aleksandar (2015). "Palaeolinguistics and ancient Eurasian pulse crops". Current Science. 108 (1): 45–50. JSTOR 24216173.
  • Garnier, Romain; Sagart, Laurent; Sagot, Benoît (2017). "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. pp. 291–311. doi:10.1075/z.215.13gar. ISBN 978-90-272-1255-9. S2CID 165681446.
  • Schürr, Diether (1 January 2019). "Urindogermanisch Wein und Met in den anatolischen Sprachen". Aramazd. 13 (1): 44–59.

On colors:

On verbs related to action and motion:

On bodily functions:

  • Kocharov, Petr (2016). "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns". Faits de Langues. 47 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005. S2CID 211952112. [on PIE roots for sleep and dream]
  • Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
  • American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
  • استعلام قاعدة البيانات للنسخة الإلكترونية من قاموس بوكورني للغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية
  • فهرس النسخة الإلكترونية من قاموس بوكورني للغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية
  • جوناثان سلوكوم، معجم اللغات الهندية الأوروبية من مركز البحوث اللغوية بجامعة تكساس
  • العلاقات المتشابهة بين اللغات الهندية الأوروبية ( IE-CoR )