العلاقات الخارجية لأستراليا

تتأثر العلاقات الخارجية لأستراليا بمكانتها كدولة تجارية رائدة ومانحة رئيسية للمساعدات الإنسانية. وتسترشد سياستها الخارجية بالتزامها بالتعددية والإقليمية ، فضلاً عن بناء علاقات ثنائية متينة مع حلفائها. وتشمل اهتماماتها الرئيسية التجارة الحرة، ومكافحة الإرهاب، واللاجئين، والتعاون الاقتصادي مع آسيا ، والاستقرار في منطقة المحيطين الهندي والهادئ . وتشارك أستراليا بفعالية في الأمم المتحدة ورابطة الكومنولث . ونظرًا لتاريخها في إطلاق ودعم مبادرات إقليمية وعالمية هامة، فقد وُصفت بأنها قوة إقليمية متوسطة بامتياز. [ 1 ]
تحافظ أستراليا على علاقات وثيقة مع رابطة دول جنوب شرق آسيا (آسيان) ، وتربطها علاقات تحالفية متينة مع نيوزيلندا ، تعود جذورها إلى القرن التاسع عشر. كما تربطها علاقة تحالف طويلة الأمد مع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وعلى مدى العقود الأخيرة، سعت أستراليا إلى تعزيز علاقاتها مع الدول الآسيوية، ليصبح هذا محور اهتمام شبكة بعثاتها الدبلوماسية. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] وفي عام 2021، وقّعت أستراليا اتفاقية شراكة أمنية هامة مع المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ( AUKUS ) تهدف إلى تعزيز الأمن في منطقة المحيطين الهندي والهادئ. في عام 2026، وقّعت أستراليا معاهدة مع بابوا غينيا الجديدة، وصفها أنتوني ألبانيز وجيمس مارابي بأنها "معاهدة دفاع مشترك ستُمكّن من دمج قواتهما الدفاعية وأفرادهما العسكريين بشكل غير مسبوق". ورداً على تصريحات دبلوماسية صينية مفادها أن الاتفاقية لا ينبغي أن تحول دون إقامة علاقات مع دول أخرى، صرّح مارابي قائلاً: "هذه ليست معاهدة تُنشئ عداوات، بل تُعزّز الصداقات، والصين - لقد كنا شفافين - أخبرناهم أن أستراليا... أصبحت شريكنا الأمني المُفضّل، وهم يُدركون ذلك". [ 8 ] تُفيد معاهدة الدفاع المشترك بين بابوا غينيا الجديدة وأستراليا، أو معاهدة بوكبوك، كلا البلدين، إذ تُتيح تعاوناً أعمق، وتدريباً مشتركاً، وقابلية تشغيلية مشتركة، وتبادلاً للمهارات، وتدريباً على حرب الأدغال. [ 9 ]
تاريخ
فترة ما بعد الاتحاد
كانت وزارة الشؤون الخارجية إحدى الوزارات الأولى التي أُنشئت عند اتحاد المستعمرات الأسترالية عام ١٩٠١، إلا أنها ظلت إلى حد كبير تابعة لمكتب رئيس الوزراء . وباستثناء منصب رئيس الوزراء، ظل منصب المفوض السامي الأسترالي لدى المملكة المتحدة (الذي أُنشئ عام ١٩١٠) القناة الأهم للعلاقات الخارجية الأسترالية، وتتجلى أهميته في كون أول ثلاثة مُعينين فيه رؤساء وزراء سابقين. وقد أشير إلى أن السياسة الخارجية، بالنسبة للحكومات الأسترالية الأولى، كانت تعني "العلاقات مع لندن بشأن مسائل السياسة الخارجية الإمبراطورية التي قد يكون لأستراليا مصلحة فيها". [ ١٠ ]
كان إدموند بارتون، أول رئيس وزراء لأستراليا، مؤيدًا لسياسة خارجية موحدة للإمبراطورية البريطانية، مُشيرًا إلى أنه لا يمكن لأستراليا أن تتبنى "سياسة خارجية خاصة بها"، لكنها توقعت أن تُراعي الحكومة البريطانية المنظور الأسترالي فيما يتعلق بالسياسة الإمبراطورية "الإقليمية". [ 11 ] كما ضغط خليفة بارتون، ألفريد ديكين، مرارًا وتكرارًا على الحكومة البريطانية لزيادة التشاور بشأن السياسة الخارجية الإمبراطورية، واقترح إنشاء وزارة خارجية إمبراطورية لتنسيق السياسات، وذلك في إطار دعمه الأوسع للاتحاد الإمبراطوري . [ 12 ] اتخذ ديكين بعض الخطوات الأولى نحو الاستقلال الدبلوماسي من خلال التعامل المباشر مع القنصل العام الياباني، الأمر الذي ذكّره به مكتب المستعمرات بأنه "يتوقع من أستراليا إجراء أي تعاملات مع أي قوة أجنبية عبر لندن". كما تعامل مباشرةً مع القنصل الأمريكي في سيدني لترتيب زيارة الأسطول الأبيض العظيم عام 1908. [ 10 ] وقد أرست أفعاله "سابقةً للنهج الأحادي" في السياسة الخارجية، وهو نهج اتبعه خلفاؤه المباشرون في منصب رئيس الوزراء، مع استمرار الاعتماد على السلك الدبلوماسي البريطاني وجهاز صنع السياسات، ودون بذل أي جهود لتطوير أجهزة مماثلة في أستراليا. [ 12 ]
الحرب العالمية الأولى وعقد العشرينيات
أدت الحرب العالمية الأولى إلى زيادة في الانخراط الأسترالي المباشر مع الحكومات خارج الإمبراطورية البريطانية، مدفوعةً بمخاوف استراتيجية، من بينها مصير الأراضي الألمانية في المحيط الهادئ التي استولت عليها القوات الأسترالية خلال الحرب. زار رئيس الوزراء بيلي هيوز الولايات المتحدة عام ١٩١٨، ودعا، في سلسلة من الاجتماعات والخطابات، الولايات المتحدة إلى التعاون مع أستراليا لضمان الأمن في الشرق الأقصى بعد الحرب. [ ١٣ ] وفي مؤتمر باريس للسلام عام ١٩١٩ ، ترأس هيوز الجناح الأسترالي ضمن وفد الإمبراطورية البريطانية، وشارك في توقيع معاهدة فرساي نيابةً عن أستراليا، كما هو الحال مع غيرها من الدومينيونات البريطانية . مارس هيوز ضغوطًا قوية من أجل المصالح الأسترالية في المؤتمر، بما في ذلك منح انتدابات عصبة الأمم على غينيا الجديدة الألمانية السابقة وناورو ، ومعارضة مقترح المساواة العرقية الياباني لحماية سياسة أستراليا البيضاء . [ ١٤ ]
شهدت عشرينيات القرن العشرين "بداية سياسة خارجية أسترالية متميزة"، كرد فعلٍ رئيسي على تغير موازين القوى وتراجع النفوذ البريطاني في المحيط الهادئ عقب مؤتمر واشنطن البحري عام 1922. [ 15 ] استمرت أستراليا في الاعتماد على "المملكة المتحدة وآلتها الإمبراطورية للتمثيل الدبلوماسي والأمن الاقتصادي والمادي". [ 16 ] بعد مؤتمر الإمبراطورية عام 1923 ، تم التخلي إلى حد كبير عن محاولات صياغة سياسة خارجية إمبراطورية موحدة لصالح نظام التصديق على القرارات البريطانية على مستوى السيادة. [ 17 ] تراجع اهتمام الحكومة بالسياسة الخارجية خلال فترة الكساد الكبير ، حيث ركزت حكومة سكلين على الشؤون الاقتصادية الداخلية. في عام 1929، اشتكى فريدريك إيجلستون، المؤيد للعولمة، أمام لجنة في مجلس الشيوخ قائلاً: "لا يوجد برلمان مسؤول عن سياسته الخارجية يناقش الشؤون الخارجية أقل من البرلمان الأسترالي". [ 18 ]
على الرغم من عدم تبادل الممثلين الدبلوماسيين الرسميين بعد، فقد أجرت أستراليا عددًا من التعيينات "شبه الدبلوماسية" في فترة ما بعد الحرب، حيث عمل هؤلاء كممثلين رسميين للحكومة الأسترالية دون أن يحملوا أي رتبة دبلوماسية . وشمل ذلك تعيين هنري برادون في الولايات المتحدة عام 1918 بلقب "مفوض"، وتعيين كلايف فوس "وكيلًا تجاريًا" في فرنسا عام 1919. [ 19 ] وفي عام 1921، عينت أستراليا أول ممثل رسمي لها في آسيا، وهو إدوارد إس. ليتل، مفوضًا تجاريًا للصين، ومقره شنغهاي. [ 20 ] وقام السيناتور توماس باخاب بمهمة تجارية إلى الصين عام 1922 بتحريض من هيوز، [ 21 ] وفي العام نفسه، عُيّن إيغبرت شيف مفوضًا تجاريًا "للشرق"، ومقره سنغافورة. [ 22 ] تم تمويل خدمة المفوض التجاري الأولية جزئياً من قبل حكومات الولايات، لكنها فشلت في نهاية المطاف بسبب نقص الدعم من رئيس الوزراء ستانلي بروس ورؤساء حكومات الولايات. [ 23 ]
ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين: سياسة الاسترضاء وإعادة التسلح
شكّل تعيين حكومة ليونز عام 1932 عودة الاهتمام بالسياسة الخارجية، وتزامن ذلك مع إنشاء أقسام للسياسة الخارجية في الجامعات والهيئات الاستشارية غير الحكومية، مثل المعهد الأسترالي للشؤون الدولية . أبدى رئيس الوزراء جوزيف ليونز اهتمامًا بالغًا بالعلاقات الخارجية، ومارس نفوذًا كبيرًا على السياسة الخارجية للحكومة. [ 24 ] وقد أذن بثلاث "مبادرات للمحيط الهادئ" كدليل على تزايد اهتمام أستراليا بمنطقة آسيا والمحيط الهادئ. كانت الأولى هي البعثة الأسترالية الشرقية عام 1934، بقيادة نائب رئيس الوزراء جون لاثام ، والتي زارت سبع دول آسيوية، وتُعتبر علامة فارقة في المراحل الأولى لتطور السياسة الخارجية الأسترالية. [ 25 ] أما المبادرة الثانية فكانت تعيين ممثلين أستراليين عام 1935 في الصين، وجزر الهند الشرقية الهولندية، واليابان، والولايات المتحدة - وإن كانت رتبهم أقل من رتبة سفير - حيث كانت مصالح أستراليا ممثلة سابقًا بمسؤولين بريطانيين فقط. وكانت الثالثة هي اقتراح ليونز "ميثاق المحيط الهادئ"، الذي نصّ على اتفاقية عدم اعتداء بين القوى الكبرى في المحيط الهادئ. على الرغم من تأييده للاتفاقية في مؤتمر الإمبراطورية عام 1937 ، إلا أن المناقشات لم تُحرز أي تقدم. [ 26 ] ويرى بيرد أن "سنوات ليونز ينبغي أن تُنظر إليها كجزء من تطور السياسة الخارجية الأسترالية من التبعية إلى الاستقلال [...] ولعل استمرار وتسريع عملية الانتقال هو ما يجب أن يُذكر به ليونز كرئيس للوزراء". [ 27 ]
الحرب العالمية الثانية
كان ريتشارد كيسي أول دبلوماسي معتمد يُرسل إلى دولة أجنبية ، حيث عُيّن أول وزير أسترالي لدى الولايات المتحدة في يناير 1940. [ 28 ] وتلا ذلك بعد فترة وجيزة وصول أول مفوض سامٍ أسترالي إلى كندا، وتعيين وزراء لدى اليابان عام 1940 والصين عام 1941. ومع دخول اليابان الحرب في ديسمبر 1941 وفشل القوات البريطانية في سنغافورة، ساد خوف حقيقي من غزو ياباني وشيك. وكان الحل الوحيد هو اللجوء إلى الحماية الأمريكية. [ 29 ] ومنذ ذلك الحين، أصبحت الولايات المتحدة الحل الأمني الأهم. وقد تم ترسيخ العلاقة الأمنية الوثيقة مع الولايات المتحدة رسميًا عام 1951 بموجب معاهدة الأمن بين أستراليا ونيوزيلندا والولايات المتحدة ( ANZUS )، والتي لا تزال حجر الزاوية في الترتيبات الأمنية الأسترالية. [ 30 ]
بالتوازي مع تطور الإمبراطورية البريطانية إلى رابطة الكومنولث ، تولت أستراليا تدريجيًا مسؤولية إدارة علاقاتها الخارجية مع الدول الأخرى. أبرمت أستراليا اتفاقية عام 1944 مع نيوزيلندا بشأن أمن ورفاهية وتقدم شعوب الأراضي التابعة لها في المحيط الهادئ (اتفاقية أنزاك). [ 31 ] كانت أستراليا من بين الدول المؤسسة للأمم المتحدة (1945) ولجنة جنوب المحيط الهادئ (1947)، وفي عام 1950، اقترحت خطة كولومبو لمساعدة الدول النامية في آسيا. بعد الحرب، لعبت أستراليا دورًا في لجنة الشرق الأقصى في اليابان، ودعمت استقلال إندونيسيا خلال ثورتها ضد الهولنديين (1945-1949). [ 32 ]
الحرب الباردة
مع تصاعد حدة الحرب الباردة ، انحازت أستراليا بشكل كامل إلى جانب القوى الغربية. فإلى جانب مساهمتها في قوات الأمم المتحدة خلال الحرب الكورية - إذ كانت أول دولة تعلن عن ذلك بعد الولايات المتحدة - أرسلت أستراليا قوات للمساعدة في قمع الثورة الشيوعية في مالايا بين عامي 1948 و1960، ولاحقًا لمواجهة الغزو الإندونيسي لساراواك بين عامي 1963 و1965. [ 33 ] كما أرسلت أستراليا قوات لصدّ الشيوعية ومساعدة القوات الفيتنامية الجنوبية والأمريكية في حرب فيتنام ، في خطوة أثارت حراكًا مناهضًا للحرب في الداخل. [ 34 ] وكانت أستراليا نشطة في تحالف الاستخبارات " العيون الخمس" ، وفي اتفاقية أستراليا ونيوزيلندا والمملكة المتحدة ، وفي اتفاقية الدفاع الخماسية - وهي اتفاقيات متتالية مع بريطانيا ونيوزيلندا لضمان أمن سنغافورة وماليزيا .
قضايا معاصرة
بعد انتهاء الحرب الباردة، ظلت أستراليا مساهماً هاماً في بعثات حفظ السلام التابعة للأمم المتحدة وغيرها من البعثات الأمنية متعددة الأطراف، غالباً بالتحالف مع الولايات المتحدة. ومن أبرز مشاركاتها انضمامها إلى قوات التحالف في حرب الخليج عام 1991، والحرب في أفغانستان (2001-2021) ، وحرب العراق (2003-2011 )، وحرب العراق (2013-2017) . وفي عام 1999، تدخلت قوات حفظ السلام الأسترالية في تيمور الشرقية عقب استفتاء انفصالها عن إندونيسيا. وفي عام 2006، أرسلت أستراليا فرقة من القوات الأسترالية إلى تيمور الشرقية للمساعدة في أزمة تيمور الشرقية . [ 35 ] كما قادت أستراليا مؤخراً بعثات المساعدة الأمنية وحفظ السلام والشرطة في مناطق أخرى من جوارها، بما في ذلك جزر سليمان وبابوا غينيا الجديدة وتونغا .
في أواخر القرن العشرين وبداية القرن الحادي والعشرين، برز عنصر جديد في العلاقات الخارجية الأسترالية، تمثل في تنامي العلاقات مع جمهورية الصين الشعبية . فبعد إقامة العلاقات الدبلوماسية في ديسمبر/كانون الأول 1972، نمت العلاقات الصينية الأسترالية نموًا سريعًا، حتى أصبحت الصين الشريك التجاري الرئيسي لأستراليا، وترسخت روابط رسمية وشعبية واسعة النطاق. وخلال الخمسة عشر عامًا الأولى من القرن الحادي والعشرين، حافظت أستراليا على علاقات مميزة مع كل من الولايات المتحدة والصين. ومنذ عام 2017، تدهورت العلاقات الصينية الأسترالية بشكل حاد، نتيجة لانتقادات أستراليا للسياسات والإجراءات التي اتخذها الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي الصيني، شي جين بينغ . وقد أثر هذا التدهور بشكل كبير على المشاركات الثنائية والمتعددة الأطراف الأسترالية الأخيرة، مثل مبادرة "التقدم في المحيط الهادئ" مع دول جزر المحيط الهادئ، وتطوير شراكات استراتيجية شاملة مع عدد من دول المنطقة، والسعي إلى إقامة تحالفات تهدف إلى مواجهة الهيمنة الصينية في منطقة المحيطين الهندي والهادئ. منذ عام 2017، تم تعزيز الترتيبات الأمنية القائمة من خلال حوار أمني رباعي تم إحياؤه يضم الهند واليابان والولايات المتحدة، وشراكة الأمن AUKUS لعام 2021 مع الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة، واتفاقية الوصول المتبادل بين أستراليا واليابان لعام 2022 ، والتي تنص على تعاون أسترالي ياباني أوثق في مجال الدفاع والعمليات الإنسانية.
الوكالات والمعاهدات والاتفاقيات الدولية
العضوية في المنظمات والتجمعات الدولية
تُعدّ أستراليا من واضعي ميثاق الأمم المتحدة، وقد قدمت دعماً راسخاً لمنظومة الأمم المتحدة. تولّت أستراليا الرئاسة الأولى لمجلس الأمن عام 1946، وقدّمت أول مراقبين عسكريين تحت رعاية الأمم المتحدة إلى إندونيسيا بعد عام. وكانت عضواً في مجلس الأمن أربع مرات أخرى، في الأعوام 1956-1957، و1973-1974، و1986-1987، و2013-2014. [ 36 ] كما انتُخبت بانتظام عضواً في المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، وكان آخرها للفترة 2020-2022، وعضواً في مجلس حقوق الإنسان التابع للأمم المتحدة في الفترة 2018-2020، وفي اللجنة السابقة لحقوق الإنسان التابعة للأمم المتحدة في تسعينيات القرن الماضي. وتضطلع أستراليا بدور بارز في العديد من أنشطة الأمم المتحدة الأخرى، بما في ذلك حفظ السلام، ومفاوضات نزع السلاح، ومكافحة المخدرات. وفي سبتمبر/أيلول 1999، وبموجب تفويض من مجلس الأمن، قادت أستراليا تحالفاً دولياً لإعادة النظام إلى تيمور الشرقية بعد انسحاب إندونيسيا منها. كما انخرطت أستراليا بشكل وثيق في التعاون الإنمائي الدولي والمساعدة الإنسانية من خلال الوكالات المتخصصة والصناديق والبرامج واللجان الإقليمية التابعة للأمم المتحدة والمؤسسات المالية الدولية الكبرى، ولا سيما البنك الدولي وصندوق النقد الدولي وبنك التنمية الآسيوي وبنك الاستثمار في البنية التحتية الآسيوية .
أستراليا عضو في مجموعة العشرين ، ومنظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية ، ومنتدى التعاون الاقتصادي لدول آسيا والمحيط الهادئ (أبيك) . وتشارك بفعالية في اجتماعات رؤساء حكومات الكومنولث ، ومنتدى جزر المحيط الهادئ ، ومنظمات إقليمية أخرى في جزر المحيط الهادئ، ورابطة دول المحيط الهندي المطلة على المحيط الهندي . وقد اضطلعت بدور ريادي في مجموعة كيرنز ، التي تضم دولًا تسعى جاهدة لإصلاح التجارة الزراعية في جولة أوروغواي من مفاوضات الاتفاقية العامة للتعريفات والتجارة (الجات). كما أن أستراليا عضو في تحالف ميكتا ، وهو شراكة غير رسمية ومتنوعة بين دول متوسطة القوة، تضم المكسيك وإندونيسيا وكوريا الجنوبية وتركيا وأستراليا، بقيادة وزراء خارجيتها، وتسعى إلى تعزيز نظام عالمي فعال قائم على القواعد.
أولت أستراليا اهتماماً خاصاً في مطلع القرن الحادي والعشرين لتعزيز بنية إقليمية تتمحور حول دول رابطة دول جنوب شرق آسيا (آسيان)، لدعم الحوار حول التحديات السياسية والأمنية والاقتصادية في منطقة المحيطين الهندي والهادئ. وتشارك أستراليا بفعالية في منتدى آسيان الإقليمي، وقمة شرق آسيا التي ترعاها آسيان . ولم يكن لمشاركة أستراليا في القمة الافتتاحية عام 2005 أن تُضمن إلا بعد موافقتها على تغيير سياستها والانضمام إلى معاهدة الصداقة والتعاون في جنوب شرق آسيا التابعة لآسيان . وكانت أستراليا مترددة في توقيع المعاهدة خشية أن تؤثر على التزاماتها بموجب اتفاقيات معاهدات أخرى، بما في ذلك اتفاقية أنزوس .
مجموعات الأمان
| أداة | بلدان |
|---|---|
| أنزوس | |
| أوكوس | |
| ترتيبات الدفاع الخماسية | |
| حوار أمني رباعي الأطراف | |
شراكة استراتيجية خاصة
شراكات استراتيجية شاملة
تُعدّ الشراكات الاستراتيجية الشاملة علاقات واسعة النطاق ورفيعة المستوى، وقد ازدادت رسميةً في منطقة آسيا والمحيط الهادئ منذ مطلع القرن الحادي والعشرين. وهي ترتيبات تُعبّر، عمومًا، عن شعور بالقيمة المتبادلة، والتوافق الاستراتيجي، والنية الحسنة لتعزيز العلاقات. [ 39 ] كما تُرسّخ هذه الشراكات إطارًا لمستوى مُكثّف من التعاون بين الحكومات، وتُشير إلى علاقات ثنائية وثيقة للغاية. ولدى أستراليا شراكة استراتيجية شاملة رسمية مع الدول والمنظمات متعددة الجنسيات التالية:
- الفلبين (حتى عام 2015) [ 40 ]
- سنغافورة (اعتبارًا من عام 2016) [ 41 ] (CSP 2.0 المحسن اعتبارًا من عام 2025) [ 42 ]
- إندونيسيا (حتى عام 2018) [ 43 ]
- الهند (حتى عام 2020) [ 44 ]
- بابوا غينيا الجديدة (حتى عام 2020) [ 45 ]
- ماليزيا (حتى عام 2021) [ 46 ]
- كوريا الجنوبية (حتى عام 2021) [ 47 ]
- رابطة دول جنوب شرق آسيا (اعتبارًا من عام 2021) [ 48 ]
- فيتنام (حتى عام 2024) [ 49 ]
في عام 2014، اتفق رئيس الوزراء الأسترالي والرئيس الصيني على وصف العلاقة بأنها "شراكة استراتيجية شاملة"، مما ساهم في تيسير برنامج تعاون واسع النطاق. دخلت هذه الشراكة في حالة من الركود، لا سيما منذ عام 2020، ولكنها تشهد انتعاشاً تدريجياً مع تحسن العلاقات منذ عام 2023. [ 50 ]
حلفاء الدفاع الرسميون
| دولة | التوقيع | معاهدة |
|---|---|---|
| 1 سبتمبر 1951 | أنزوس | |
| 1 سبتمبر 1951 | أنزوس | |
| 6 أكتوبر 2025 | معاهدة بوكبوك | |
| 6 يوليو 2026 | معاهدة فيتاشيني [ 51 ] |
تجارة

تُعدّ الولايات المتحدة وكوريا الجنوبية واليابان والصين والمملكة المتحدة أكبر الشركاء التجاريين لأستراليا. ولدى أستراليا حاليًا اتفاقيات تجارة حرة ثنائية مع نيوزيلندا والولايات المتحدة وتايلاند وسنغافورة منذ عام 2007، ومع المملكة المتحدة منذ عام 2021. إضافةً إلى ذلك، تُجري أستراليا دراسات حول اتفاقيات التجارة الحرة مع رابطة دول جنوب شرق آسيا (آسيان) والصين وتشيلي والهند وإندونيسيا وماليزيا.
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا وتشيلي
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا والصين
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا وكوريا
- اتفاقية التجارة لتعزيز العلاقات الاقتصادية بين أستراليا ونيوزيلندا
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا والولايات المتحدة
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا والمملكة المتحدة
- اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا وفيجي
الأسلحة
لتعزيز سياستها الخارجية، تحافظ أستراليا على جيش مجهز تجهيزًا جيدًا. ووفقًا لمعهد ستوكهولم الدولي لأبحاث السلام (SIPRI) ، تُعد أستراليا ثامن أكبر مستورد للأسلحة الرئيسية في العالم. وقد زودت الولايات المتحدة 80% من واردات أستراليا، بينما زودتها إسبانيا بنسبة 15%. [ 52 ] وقد تسلمت جميع القوات المسلحة أسلحة رئيسية جديدة خلال الفترة 2014-2018، ولكن بشكل رئيسي طائرات وسفن. وشكلت طائرات إف-35 المقاتلة وطائرات الحرب المضادة للغواصات من الولايات المتحدة 53% من واردات الأسلحة الأسترالية خلال الفترة 2014-2018، بينما شكلت السفن من إسبانيا 29%. [ 53 ]
تعمل أستراليا على تحديث قواتها المسلحة، كما تستحوذ على أسلحة تعزز بشكل كبير قدراتها بعيدة المدى. ومن بين الأسلحة التي استوردتها بين عامي 2010 و2014، خمس طائرات تزويد بالوقود، وأول سفينة من سفينتي إنزال برمائي من إسبانيا، بالإضافة إلى طائرتي نقل كبيرتين وأربع طائرات إنذار مبكر محمولة جواً من الولايات المتحدة. كما تسلمت أستراليا 26 طائرة مقاتلة من الولايات المتحدة، مع طلبية لـ 82 طائرة أخرى (انظر المربع 3)، فضلاً عن ثماني طائرات مضادة للغواصات من الولايات المتحدة، وثلاث مدمرات من طراز هوبارت من إسبانيا.
في عام 2021، وبعد أن أنهت أستراليا مهمتها العسكرية التي استمرت 20 عامًا في أفغانستان، أجرى مسؤولون دفاعيون محادثات رسمية حول تعزيز العلاقات العسكرية مع الإمارات العربية المتحدة . ومع ذلك، أعربت منظمات حقوق الإنسان عن قلقها البالغ إزاء هذه المحادثات، إذ اتُهمت الإمارات بتنفيذ "هجمات غير قانونية" في دول مزقتها الحروب مثل ليبيا واليمن . [ 54 ]
على النقيض من الفترة 2014-2018، شهدت الفترة من 2019 إلى 2023 انخفاضًا بنسبة 21% في واردات أستراليا الرئيسية من الأسلحة. [ 52 ] ومع ذلك، في ديسمبر 2021، وقّعت أستراليا صفقة توريد دفاعية مع كوريا الجنوبية بقيمة مليار دولار أسترالي (720 مليون دولار أمريكي) لشراء مدفعية حديثة وشاحنات إمداد ورادارات من شركة هانوا الكورية الجنوبية للصناعات الدفاعية . والتقى الرئيس الكوري الجنوبي مون جاي إن ورئيس الوزراء الأسترالي سكوت موريسون لتوقيع الاتفاقية، وأعلنا أيضًا عن رفع مستوى العلاقات الأسترالية الكورية الجنوبية رسميًا إلى "شراكة استراتيجية شاملة". [ 55 ] علاوة على ذلك، توصلت أستراليا في عام 2023 إلى اتفاق مع المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لاستيراد ست غواصات تعمل بالطاقة النووية على الأقل. [ 52 ]
المساعدات الدولية
بحسب معهد لوي الأسترالي للأبحاث ، تُعدّ أستراليا أكبر شريك تنموي لمنطقة المحيط الهادئ، حيث قدّمت مساعدات دولية بقيمة 17 مليار دولار أسترالي بين عامي 2008 و2021، ما يُمثّل 40% من تمويل التنمية الخارجية للمنطقة. وقد تجاوزت المساعدات الدولية الأسترالية في المحيط الهادئ مساعدات شركاء إقليميين آخرين، بما في ذلك بنك التنمية الآسيوي والصين ونيوزيلندا واليابان . وبين عامي 2019 و 2021، ارتفع تمويل التنمية الخارجية الأسترالي في المحيط الهادئ من 1.34 مليار دولار أسترالي في عام 2019 إلى 1.89 مليار دولار أسترالي في عام 2021. [ 56 ]
في مايو 2024، أفادت إذاعة نيوزيلندا (RNZ) أن حكومة ألبانيز قد رفعت ميزانية المساعدات الخارجية الأسترالية بنسبة طفيفة بلغت 4%، ليصل إجمالي مساعداتها للفترة 2024-2025 إلى 4.961 مليار دولار أسترالي. وفي أغسطس 2023، أصدرت الحكومة استراتيجيتها الجديدة للتنمية الدولية، والتي تضمنت وعودًا باستراتيجيات جديدة للمساعدات القطرية، والمساواة بين الجنسين، وذوي الإعاقة، والمساعدات الإنسانية. [ 57 ]
في يناير/كانون الثاني 2026، خصصت أستراليا 50 مليون دولار إضافية كمساعدات إنسانية لأفغانستان، ليصل إجمالي المساعدات منذ عام 2021 إلى 310 ملايين دولار. ويهدف هذا الدعم إلى معالجة الأزمة المتفاقمة التي فاقمتها سيطرة طالبان، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على الأمن الغذائي والخدمات الصحية والمساعدات المقدمة للنساء والأطفال. [ 58 ]
العلاقات الدبلوماسية
اعتبارًا من عام 2011، أقامت أستراليا علاقات دبلوماسية رسمية مع جميع أعضاء الأمم المتحدة، بالإضافة إلى الكرسي الرسولي ، وكوسوفو ، وجزر كوك ، ونيوي (في عام 2014) . وفي كثير من الحالات، تُدار العلاقات الدبلوماسية على أساس غير الإقامة، حيث يكون مقر السفير أو المفوض السامي الأسترالي في بلد آخر. ومنذ عام 2012، عُلّقت العلاقات الدبلوماسية فعليًا مع الجمهورية العربية السورية ، دون أي اعتماد دبلوماسي من أي من البلدين، إلا أن العلاقات القنصلية مستمرة. [ 59 ] أما في حالة أفغانستان، فبعد سيطرة طالبان على السلطة عام 2021، تتسم العلاقات الدبلوماسية بوضع غامض، حيث أغلقت أستراليا سفارتها في كابول "مؤقتًا" دون الاعتراف بحكومة الإمارة الإسلامية، مع الإبقاء على أوراق اعتماد سفارة جمهورية أفغانستان الإسلامية في كانبرا. [ 60 ] يقدم عدد من البعثات الكندية المساعدة القنصلية للأستراليين في دول أفريقية لا يوجد فيها مكتب لأستراليا (وترد أستراليا هذا الترتيب لكندا في بعض الدول الأخرى) من خلال اتفاقية تقاسم الخدمات القنصلية بين كندا وأستراليا . [ 61 ]
بسبب سياسة الصين الواحدة لجمهورية الصين الشعبية، فإن المكتب الأسترالي في تايوان (المعروف سابقًا باسم مكتب التجارة والصناعة الأسترالي) يمثل مصالح أستراليا في تايوان بشكل غير رسمي ، ويؤدي وظيفة مماثلة للقنصليات الأسترالية الأخرى.
قائمة
قائمة الدول التي تربطها بأستراليا علاقات دبلوماسية:
| 8 | دولة | تاريخ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 يناير 1910 [ 62 ] | |
| 2 | 2 نوفمبر 1939 [ 63 ] | |
| 3 | 8 يناير 1940 [ 64 ] | |
| 4 | 17 أغسطس 1940 [ 65 ] | |
| 5 | 1 فبراير 1942 [ 66 ] | |
| 6 | 10 أكتوبر 1942 [ 67 ] | |
| 7 | 27 فبراير 1943 [ 68 ] | |
| 8 | 1 نوفمبر 1943 [ 66 ] | |
| 9 | 4 نوفمبر 1944 [ 69 ] | |
| 10 | 7 يونيو 1945 [ 70 ] | |
| 11 | 27 ديسمبر 1945 [ 71 ] | |
| 12 | 4 يوليو 1946 [ 72 ] | |
| 13 | أغسطس 1946 [ 73 ] | |
| 14 | 15 أكتوبر 1946 [ 74 ] | |
| 15 | 18 مارس 1947 [ 75 ] | |
| 16 | 29 أبريل 1947 [ 76 ] | |
| 17 | 23 يونيو 1947 [ 77 ] | |
| 18 | 15 أغسطس 1947 [ 78 ] | |
| 19 | 24 سبتمبر 1947 [ 75 ] | |
| 20 | 30 يناير 1948 [ 79 ] | |
| 21 | 15 ديسمبر 1948 [ 80 ] | |
| 22 | 29 يناير 1949 [ 81 ] | |
| 23 | 31 مايو 1949 [ 82 ] | |
| 24 | 24 نوفمبر 1949 [ 83 ] | |
| 25 | 27 ديسمبر 1949 [ 84 ] | |
| 26 | 23 يوليو 1950 [ 85 ] | |
| 27 | 15 يناير 1952 [ 86 ] | |
| 28 | 16 يناير 1952 [ 87 ] | |
| 29 | 28 يناير 1952 [ 88 ] | |
| 30 | 3 ديسمبر 1952 [ 89 ] | |
| 31 | 19 ديسمبر 1952 [ 90 ] | |
| 32 | 30 مارس 1953 [ 91 ] | |
| 33 | 1 أغسطس 1953 [ 92 ] | |
| 34 | 31 أغسطس 1957 [ 93 ] | |
| 35 | 21 فبراير 1958 [ 94 ] | |
| 36 | 10 ديسمبر 1959 [ 95 ] | |
| 37 | 15 فبراير 1960 [ 96 ] | |
| 38 | 4 أغسطس 1960 [ 97 ] | |
| 39 | 1 أكتوبر 1960 [ 98 ] [ 99 ] | |
| 40 | 3 يونيو 1961 [ 100 ] | |
| 41 | 30 أكتوبر 1961 [ 101 ] | |
| 42 | 12 مايو 1962 [ 102 ] | |
| 43 | 1 مارس 1963 [ 103 ] | |
| 44 | 21 سبتمبر 1964 [ 104 ] | |
| 45 | 18 أغسطس 1965 [ 105 ] | |
| 46 | 23 أغسطس 1965 [ 106 ] | |
| 47 | 23 أغسطس 1965 [ 106 ] | |
| 48 | 13 ديسمبر 1965 [ 107 ] | |
| 49 | 14 مارس 1966 [ 108 ] | |
| 50 | 25 أبريل 1966 [ 109 ] | |
| 51 | 5 فبراير 1967 [ 110 ] | |
| 52 | 28 فبراير 1967 [ 111 ] | |
| 53 | 26 أكتوبر 1967 [ 112 ] | |
| 54 | 18 مارس 1968 [ 113 ] | |
| 55 | 21 سبتمبر 1968 [ 114 ] | |
| 56 | 30 مارس 1969 [ 115 ] | |
| 57 | 18 سبتمبر 1970 [ 116 ] | |
| 58 | 25 سبتمبر 1970 [ 117 ] | |
| 59 | 10 أكتوبر 1970 [ 118 ] | |
| 60 | 3 ديسمبر 1970 [ 119 ] | |
| 61 | 31 مارس 1971 [ 120 ] | |
| 62 | 31 يناير 1972 [ 121 ] | |
| 63 | 20 فبراير 1972 [ 122 ] | |
| 64 | 5 أبريل 1972 [ 123 ] | |
| 65 | 6 أبريل 1972 [ 124 ] | |
| 66 | 24 أبريل 1972 [ 125 ] | |
| 67 | 18 مايو 1972 [ 126 ] | |
| 68 | 18 يونيو 1972 [ 127 ] | |
| 69 | 15 سبتمبر 1972 [ 128 ] | |
| 70 | 21 ديسمبر 1972 [ 129 ] | |
| 71 | 26 فبراير 1973 [ 130 ] | |
| — | 24 مارس 1973 [ 131 ] | |
| 72 | 31 مارس 1973 [ 132 ] | |
| 73 | 9 يوليو 1973 [ 133 ] | |
| 74 | 9 يوليو 1973 [ 134 ] | |
| 75 | 9 يوليو 1973 [ 134 ] | |
| 76 | 2 ديسمبر 1973 [ 135 ] | |
| 77 | 18 ديسمبر 1973 [ 136 ] | |
| 78 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 137 ] | |
| 79 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 138 ] | |
| 80 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 139 ] | |
| 81 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 140 ] | |
| 82 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 141 ] [ 140 ] | |
| 83 | 7 يناير 1974 [ 142 ] | |
| 84 | 15 يناير 1974 [ 143 ] | |
| 85 | 25 يناير 1974 [ 144 ] | |
| 86 | 8 فبراير 1974 [ 145 ] | |
| 87 | 10 فبراير 1974 [ 146 ] | |
| 88 | 20 فبراير 1974 [ 147 ] | |
| 89 | 29 أبريل 1974 [ 148 ] | |
| 90 | 1 يوليو 1974 [ 149 ] | |
| 91 | 8 يوليو 1974 [ 150 ] | |
| 92 | 22 أغسطس 1974 [ 151 ] | |
| 93 | 17 سبتمبر 1974 [ 152 ] | |
| 94 | 9 أكتوبر 1974 [ 153 ] | |
| 95 | 2 ديسمبر 1974 [ 154 ] | |
| 96 | 31 ديسمبر 1974 [ 155 ] | |
| 97 | 9 يناير 1975 [ 156 ] | |
| 98 | 3 فبراير 1975 [ 157 ] | |
| 99 | 10 مارس 1975 [ 158 ] | |
| 100 | 10 أبريل 1975 [ 159 ] | |
| 101 | 29 أبريل 1975 [ 160 ] | |
| 102 | 12 مايو 1975 [ 160 ] | |
| 103 | 16 سبتمبر 1975 [ 161 ] | |
| 104 | 29 يونيو 1976 [ 162 ] | |
| 105 | 13 يوليو 1976 [ 163 ] | |
| 106 | 24 أكتوبر 1976 [ 164 ] | |
| 107 | 17 فبراير 1977 [ 165 ] | |
| 108 | 30 نوفمبر 1977 [ 166 ] | |
| 109 | 4 يناير 1978 [ 167 ] | |
| 110 | 7 يوليو 1978 [ 168 ] | |
| 111 | 12 يوليو 1979 [ 169 ] | |
| 112 | 18 ديسمبر 1979 [ 170 ] | |
| 113 | 18 أبريل 1980 [ 171 ] | |
| 114 | 1 مايو 1980 [ 167 ] | |
| 115 | 30 يوليو 1980 [ 172 ] | |
| 116 | 20 ديسمبر 1980 [ 167 ] | |
| 117 | 10 يوليو 1981 [ 146 ] | |
| 118 | 10 يوليو 1981 [ 146 ] | |
| 119 | 17 يناير 1982 [ 173 ] | |
| 120 | 17 يناير 1982 [ 174 ] | |
| 121 | 17 يناير 1982 [ 146 ] | |
| 122 | 17 يناير 1982 [ 146 ] | |
| 123 | 1 أبريل 1982 [ 146 ] | |
| 124 | 1 يوليو 1983 [ 175 ] | |
| 125 | 27 يوليو 1983 [ 176 ] | |
| 126 | 19 سبتمبر 1983 [ 146 ] | |
| 127 | 4 ديسمبر 1983 [ 177 ] | |
| 128 | 4 ديسمبر 1983 [ 177 ] | |
| 129 | 4 ديسمبر 1983 [ 177 ] | |
| 130 | 1 يناير 1984 [ 178 ] | |
| 131 | 12 فبراير 1984 [ 179 ] | |
| 132 | 15 مارس 1984 [ 180 ] | |
| 133 | 16 سبتمبر 1984 [ 181 ] | |
| 134 | 31 يناير 1986 [ 182 ] | |
| 135 | 9 فبراير 1986 [ 146 ] | |
| 136 | 8 يوليو 1987 [ 183 ] | |
| 137 | 30 مارس 1988 [ 184 ] | |
| 138 | 6 يوليو 1988 [ 185 ] | |
| 139 | 31 يناير 1989 [ 186 ] | |
| 140 | 27 أغسطس 1991 [ 187 ] | |
| 141 | 6 نوفمبر 1991 [ 188 ] | |
| 142 | 21 نوفمبر 1991 [ 189 ] | |
| 143 | 26 ديسمبر 1991 [ 190 ] | |
| 144 | 26 ديسمبر 1991 [ 191 ] | |
| 145 | 26 ديسمبر 1991 [ 192 ] | |
| 146 | 9 يناير 1992 [ 193 ] | |
| 147 | 10 يناير 1992 [ 194 ] | |
| 148 | 15 يناير 1992 [ 195 ] | |
| 149 | 5 فبراير 1992 [ 196 ] | |
| 150 | 13 فبراير 1992 [ 197 ] | |
| 151 | 1 أبريل 1992 [ 198 ] | |
| 152 | 14 مايو 1992 [ 199 ] | |
| 153 | 19 يونيو 1992 [ 200 ] | |
| 154 | 22 يونيو 1992 [ 201 ] | |
| 155 | 16 يوليو 1992 [ 202 ] | |
| 156 | 1 يناير 1993 [ 203 ] | |
| 157 | 7 يناير 1993 [ 204 ] | |
| 158 | 24 نوفمبر 1993 [ 205 ] | |
| 159 | 8 يونيو 1994 [ 206 ] | |
| 160 | 1 أكتوبر 1994 [ 207 ] | |
| — | 1994 [ 208 ] | |
| 161 | 2 مارس 1995 [ 209 ] | |
| 162 | 13 سبتمبر 1995 [ 210 ] | |
| 163 | 20 أكتوبر 1995 [ 211 ] | |
| 164 | 19 يناير 1996 [ 212 ] | |
| 165 | 14 مارس 1997 [ 213 ] | |
| 166 | 22 أبريل 1997 [ 214 ] | |
| 167 | 28 نوفمبر 2000 [ 146 ] | |
| 168 | 13 ديسمبر 2001 [ 215 ] | |
| 169 | 2 مارس 2002 [ 216 ] | |
| 170 | 20 مايو 2002 [ 217 ] | |
| 171 | 14 سبتمبر 2002 [ 212 ] | |
| 172 | 17 يونيو 2004 [ 218 ] | |
| 173 | 28 أبريل 2005 [ 218 ] | |
| 174 | 19 ديسمبر 2005 [ 173 ] | |
| 175 | 1 سبتمبر 2006 [ 219 ] | |
| 176 | 3 مايو 2007 [ 220 ] | |
| 177 | 9 مايو 2007 [ 221 ] | |
| 178 | 23 أغسطس 2007 [ 173 ] | |
| — | 21 مايو 2008 [ 222 ] | |
| 179 | 26 سبتمبر 2008 [ 212 ] | |
| 180 | 13 نوفمبر 2008 [ 212 ] | |
| 181 | 23 أبريل 2009 [ 221 ] | |
| 182 | 7 مايو 2009 [ 212 ] | |
| 183 | 7 مايو 2009 [ 212 ] | |
| 184 | 8 يوليو 2009 [ 212 ] | |
| 185 | 22 يوليو 2009 [ 212 ] | |
| 186 | 23 يوليو 2009 [ 212 ] | |
| 187 | 22 سبتمبر 2009 [ 223 ] | |
| 188 | 18 يناير 2010 [ 212 ] | |
| 189 | 20 أبريل 2010 [ 224 ] | |
| 190 | 18 يناير 2011 [ 146 ] | |
| 191 | 14 مارس 2011 [ 173 ] | |
| 192 | 24 سبتمبر 2011 [ 225 ] | |
| — | 27 فبراير 2014 [ 226 ] | |
العلاقات الثنائية
أفريقيا
| دولة | بدأت العلاقات الرسمية | ملحوظات |
|---|---|---|
| 8 يوليو 1974 [ 150 ] |
| |
| 30 مايو 1988 [ 228 ] |
| |
| 11 سبتمبر 2010 [ 231 ] | ||
| 9 يوليو 1973 [ 232 ] |
| |
| 13 نوفمبر 2008 [ 235 ] | ||
| 22 سبتمبر 2009 [ 239 ] | ||
| 2 مارس 2002 [ 240 ] |
| |
| 18 يناير 2010 [ 242 ] |
| |
| 2007 | ||
| 27 يوليو 1983 [ 243 ] |
| |
| 7 مايو 2009 [ 245 ] | ||
| 2011 |
| |
| ||
| في 8 أبريل 1950، قطعت العلاقات الدبلوماسية من 6 نوفمبر 1956 إلى 19 أكتوبر 1959 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية المصرية
| |
| 23 يوليو 2009 [ 253 ] | ||
| 24 نوفمبر 1993 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 24 نوفمبر 1993 عندما قدم أول سفير لإريتريا لدى أستراليا السيد فيسهاي أبراهام أوراق اعتماده [ 205 ].
| |
| 9 يوليو 1973 [ 232 ] |
| |
| 13 ديسمبر 1965 [ 256 ] |
| |
| 20 أكتوبر 1984 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 20 أكتوبر 1984 عندما قدم السيد آر تايلور خطاب اعتماده كسفير غير مقيم لأستراليا لدى الغابون. [ 263 ]
| |
| 15 فبراير 1982 [ 267 ] |
| |
| 6 ديسمبر 1957 |
| |
| ||
| ||
| 17 سبتمبر 1974 [ 273 ] | ||
| 23 أغسطس 1965 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وكينيا
| |
| 9 يوليو 1973 [ 232 ] |
| |
| 26 سبتمبر 2008 [ 282 ] [ 283 ] |
| |
| 2 يناير 1978، انفصل في 19 مايو 1987، تم ترميمه في يونيو 2002 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الليبية
| |
| 22 أغسطس 1974 [ 296 ] |
| |
| 1 يوليو 1983 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 1 يوليو 1983 عندما قدم السيد آي إل جيمس، أول مفوض سامٍ لأستراليا لدى مالاوي، أوراق اعتماده. [ 175 ]
| |
| 15 مارس 1984 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 15 مارس 1984 عندما قدم أول سفير غير مقيم لمالي لدى أستراليا السيد بوبكر توري أوراق اعتماده [ 180 ]. | |
| 13 ديسمبر 2001 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 13 ديسمبر 2001. [ 215 ]
| |
| 25 سبتمبر 1970 [ 117 ] |
| |
| 13 يوليو 1976 [ 163 ] | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية المغربية
| |
| 1 أبريل 1982 [ 305 ] [ 306 ] |
| |
| 1990 |
| |
| 7 مايو 2009 [ 310 ] |
| |
| 1 أكتوبر 1960 |
| |
| 2007 |
| |
| 8 يوليو 2009 [ 321 ] | ||
| 26 سبتمبر 1974 [ 273 ] | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا والسنغال | |
| 29 يونيو 1976 |
| |
| 9 أكتوبر 1981 [ 330 ] |
| |
| 16 فبراير 1982 |
| |
| 8 مايو 1946 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وجنوب أفريقيا
| |
| 24 سبتمبر 2011 |
| |
| 8 فبراير 1974 [ 345 ] |
| |
| 11 مايو 1962 |
| |
| 22 يوليو 2009 [ 353 ] | ||
| 17 فبراير 1977 [ 165 ] |
| |
| 23 أغسطس 1965 [ 276 ] |
| |
| 1972 |
| |
| 18 أبريل 1980 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وزيمبابوي
|
الأمريكتين
| دولة | بدأت العلاقات الرسمية | ملحوظات |
|---|---|---|
| ||
| 10 ديسمبر 1959 | انظر العلاقات الأرجنتينية الأسترالية
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 |
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وبربادوس
| |
| 17 يناير 1982 |
| |
| 10 أبريل 1975 [ 371 ] |
| |
| 7 يونيو 1945 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية البرازيلية
| |
| 12 سبتمبر 1939 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وكندا
| |
| 27 ديسمبر 1945 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية التشيلية
| |
| 9 سبتمبر 1975 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وكولومبيا
| |
| 15 أكتوبر 1974 |
| |
| 31 يناير 1989 |
| |
| ||
| 22 أبريل 1997 |
| |
| ||
| 5 ديسمبر 1983 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا والسلفادور
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 |
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 |
| |
| 2000 |
| |
| 10 يوليو 1984 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 10 يوليو 1984 عندما قدم السيد كافان هوغ، السفير الأسترالي، أوراق اعتماده إلى رئيس هندوراس روبرتو سوازو كوردوفا. [ 399 ]
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 |
| |
| 14 مارس 1966 [ 403 ] | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية المكسيكية
| |
| 1987 |
| |
| 1974 |
| |
| 30 نوفمبر 1974 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وباراغواي
| |
| 1 مارس 1963 |
| |
| 6 فبراير 1986 |
| |
| 1982 [ 414 ] |
| |
| 31 يناير 1986 |
| |
| 3 فبراير 1994 [ 417 ] |
| |
| 7 يناير 1974 [ 367 ] |
| |
| 8 يناير 1940 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الأمريكية بينما عززت أستراليا علاقتها مع الولايات المتحدة منذ عام 1942، مع تراجع نفوذ بريطانيا في آسيا. وعلى المستوى الحكومي، تُرسخ العلاقات بين الولايات المتحدة وأستراليا بموجب معاهدة أنزوس واتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين أستراليا والولايات المتحدة .
| |
| 1948 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وأوروغواي
| |
| 31 مايو 1973 [ 422 ] |
|
آسيا
| دولة | بدأت العلاقات الرسمية | ملحوظات |
|---|---|---|
| 30 مارس 1969 [ 428 ] |
| |
| 15 يناير 1992 | انظر العلاقات بين أرمينيا وأستراليا
| |
| 19 يونيو 1992 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الأذربيجانية
| |
| 13 أبريل 1987 |
| |
| 31 يناير 1972 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وبنغلاديش
| |
| 14 سبتمبر 2002 [ 453 ] |
| |
| 1 January 1984 | See Australia–Brunei relations
| |
| 15 January 1952 | See Australia–Cambodia relations
| |
| 21 ديسمبر 1972 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الصينية
| |
| 16 يوليو 1992 |
| |
| 1941 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الهندية [ 481 ]
| |
| 17 مارس 1950 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الإندونيسية
| |
| 21 سبتمبر 1968 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الإيرانية
| |
| 2 ديسمبر 1973 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 2 ديسمبر 1973 [ 135 ]
| |
| 11 مايو 1949 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الإسرائيلية
| |
| 14 سبتمبر 1940 (متوقف من 8 ديسمبر 1941 إلى 28 أبريل 1952) | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية اليابانية تتسم العلاقات بين أستراليا واليابان عموماً بالدفء والقوة، وهي مدفوعة بالمصالح المشتركة، وقد توسعت لتشمل مجالات أخرى تتجاوز الروابط الاقتصادية والتجارية القوية، بما في ذلك الثقافة والسياحة والدفاع والتعاون العلمي. | |
| 28 أبريل 1975 |
| |
| 22 يونيو 1992 |
| |
| 1 يوليو 1974 [ 149 ] |
| |
| ||
| 15 يناير 1952 |
| |
| 20 فبراير 1967 |
| |
| 31 أغسطس 1957 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الماليزية
| |
| 25 يناير 1974 |
| |
| 15 سبتمبر 1972 [ 533 ] | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا ومنغوليا
| |
| 1 أغسطس 1953 |
| |
| 15 فبراير 1960 |
| |
| 31 ديسمبر 1974، تم كسره في 30 أكتوبر 1975، تم ترميمه في 8 مايو 2000 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وكوريا الشمالية
| |
| 1981 |
| |
| 8 مارس 1948 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الباكستانية
| |
| لا توجد علاقات دبلوماسية |
| |
| 17 مارس 1950 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية الفلبينية
| |
| 1 مايو 1980 |
| |
| 15 يناير 1974 | أقامت الدولتان علاقات دبلوماسية في 15 يناير 1974 [ 143 ] انظر العلاقات الأسترالية السعودية
| |
| 18 أغسطس 1965 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وسنغافورة
| |
| 30 أكتوبر 1961 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وكوريا الجنوبية بدأ إقامة العلاقات الدبلوماسية بين جمهورية كوريا وكومنولث أستراليا في 30 أكتوبر 1961. [ 101 ]
| |
| 4 فبراير 1948 |
| |
| 1975 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية السورية
| |
| 16 سبتمبر 1941 – 22 ديسمبر 1972 | انظر العلاقات الأسترالية التايوانية
| |
| 19 ديسمبر 1952 | انظر العلاقات بين أستراليا وتايلاند
| |
| 20 May 2002 | See Australia–East Timor relations
| |
| 28 February 1967 | See Australia–Turkey relations
| |
| 14 May 1992 |
| |
| 16 March 1975 | See Australia–United Arab Emirates relations
| |
| 26 December 1991 |
| |
| 26 February 1973 (with Republic of Vietnam from 15 January 1952 to 5 May 1975) | See Australia–Vietnam relations
| |
| 20 December 1980 with Yemen Arab Republic (June 1984-22 May 1990 with People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) |
|
Europe
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 15 September 1984 |
| |
| 2 March 1995 | ||
| 1952 |
| |
| 9 January 1992[616] |
| |
| 1947 | See Australia–Belgium relations
| |
| 7 January 1993 |
| |
| 5 April 1972 | ||
| 13 February 1992 | See Australia–Croatia relations Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992
| |
| 19 April 1973[625] |
| |
| 18 June 1972/1 January 1993 |
| |
| 1947 | See Australia–Denmark relations
| |
| 21 November 1991 | See Australia–Estonia relations
| |
| 31 May 1949 | See Australia–Finland relations
| |
| 1944 | See Australia–France relations France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts, shared values of democracy and human rights, substantial commercial links, and a keen interest in each other's culture. | |
| 28 January 1952 with FRG[646] (22 December 1972 – 3 October 1990 with GDR) | See Australia–Germany relations | |
| 30 March 1953 | See Australia–Greece relations
| |
| 24 March 1973[658] |
| |
| 6 April 1972 |
| |
| 17 April 1984 |
| |
| 1 July 1946 | See Australia–Ireland relations
| |
| 1948 | See Australia–Italy relations
| |
| 21 May 2008[670] | See Australia–Kosovo relations | |
| 27 August 1991 | See Australia–Latvia relations
| |
| 1999 |
| |
| 6 November 1991 | See Australia–Lithuania relations
| |
| 18 September 1970[682] | See Australia–Luxembourg relations
| |
| 21 September 1964 |
| |
| 1 April 1992 |
| |
| 3 May 2007 |
| |
| 1 September 2006 | See Australia–Montenegro relations
| |
| 18 March 1942 | See Australia–Netherlands relations
| |
| 20 October 1995 | See Australia–North Macedonia relations | |
| 23 June 1947 | See Australia–Norway relations
| |
| 20 February 1972[692] | See Australia–Poland relations
| |
| 15 August 1960 |
| |
| 18 March 1968 | See Australia–Romania relations
| |
| 10 October 1942,(broken from 23 April 1954 to 16 March 1959) | See Australia–Russia relations
| |
| 13 September 1995[210] |
| |
| 26 April 1966 | See Australia–Serbia relations
| |
| 1 January 1993 |
| |
| 5 February 1992 |
| |
| 26 October 1967 | See Australia–Spain relations
| |
| 26 September 1947[711] | See Australia–Sweden relations
| |
| 2 June 1961 | See Australia–Switzerland relations
| |
| 10 January 1992[714] | See Australia–Ukraine relations
| |
See Australia–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. As part of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016[722] Australia has uniquely established resident High Commissions and embassies in all independent and self governing members of the Pacific Islands Forum as well as consulates-general in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea. For decades, it has been the largest donor of aid to the Oceania region.[723] China and New Zealand, the next biggest donors, donated only one sixth of Australia's aid during the 2010s.[724]
Since the end of the Cold War, the understanding from the United States has been that Australia and New Zealand would assume responsibility for the security of much of the Oceania region, whom they already share pre-existing cultural and economic ties to.[725]
Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:
We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.[726]
As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:
Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive.[727]
Richard Marles, the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, has strongly advocated for Australia to prioritize its role in the Pacific. In 2021, he wrote a book titled Tides that bind: Australia in the Pacific, and claimed in an interview that, "By any measure, we are huge part of the Pacific. We're the largest donor into the Pacific, we've got the biggest diplomatic footprint in the Pacific, we've got the most development resources in the Pacific of any country. For most of the Pacific, we're the most important bilateral relationship they have, more important than the United States, more important than China."[728]
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1994 | See Australia–Cook Islands relations
| |
| 10 October 1970[732] | See Australia–Fiji relations
| |
| 12 July 1979 |
| |
| 8 July 1987 | See Australia–Marshall Islands relations
| |
| 6 July 1987 | See Australia–Federated States of Micronesia relations
| |
| 21 November 1972 | See Australia–Nauru relations
| |
| 14 December 1943 | See Australia–New Zealand relations
| |
| 27 February 2013 |
| |
| 1 October 1994 | See Australia–Palau relations
| |
| 16 September 1975 | See Australia–Papua New Guinea relations
| |
| 13 November 1971 |
| |
| 7 July 1978 | See Australia–Solomon Islands relations
| |
| 29 November 1970 | See Australia–Tonga relations
| |
| 1 October 1978 | See Australia–Tuvalu relations
| |
| 30 July 1980 |
|
See also
- Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
- ANZUS
- AUKUS
- Australia and the United Nations
- Australia House (Ottawa)
- Australian contribution to the 2003 Gulf War
- CANZUK International and CANZUK
- Defence of Australia Policy
- Five Eyes
- List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad
- List of diplomatic missions in Australia
- List of diplomatic missions of Australia
- Peace movements in Australia
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- UKUSA Agreement
- Visa requirements for Australian citizens
References
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2000 ed.). CIA.- 2003 US Department of Statewebsite
- ↑Fels, Enrico (2017). Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Springer. p. 365. ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
- ↑"The Growing Importance of the ASEAN–Australia Relationship – Australian Institute of International Affairs". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑"PM Lee congratulates new Australian PM Morrison, pens valedictory letter to former leader Turnbull". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑Stolarchuk, Jewel. "Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑"New poll suggests Trump causes Australians to form unfavourable view of US". SBS News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑"Trump a 'critical threat' to Australia's interests as trust in US hits record low". ABC News. 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑Curran, James (2013). The Dilemmas of Divergence: The Crisis in American-Australian Relations, 1972–1975. Vol. 38. Diplomatic History. pp. 377–408. doi:10.1093/dh/dht097. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ↑"Australia and Papua New Guinea sign historic defense treaty that raised China's concern". AP News. 5 October 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑"Australia panel backs defence pact with PNG, moves to formal alliance". POSTCOURIERONLINE. 2 April 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - 12Brett, Judith (19 September 2017). "Alfred Deakin and the roots of Australian foreign policy". Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 3.
- 12Bird 2008, p. 4.
- ↑Cuffe 2021, p. 16.
- ↑"Versailles Treaty". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ↑Cuffe 2021, p. 5.
- ↑Cuffe 2021, p. 4.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 6.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 7.
- ↑Schedvin 2008, p. 24.
- ↑Schedvin 2008, p. 28.
- ↑Schedvin 2008, p. 31.
- ↑Schedvin 2008, p. 34.
- ↑Schedvin 2008, p. 36.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 23.
- ↑Kendall, Timothy (2008). Within China's Orbit?: China Through the Eyes of the Australian Parliament(PDF). Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. p. 37. ISBN 978-0975201589. Archived(PDF) from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 25.
- ↑Bird 2008, p. 336.
- ↑Roger John Bell, Unequal allies: Australian-American relations and the Pacific war (Melbourne University Press, 1977)
- ↑Peter Edwards, "Curtin, MacArthur and the 'surrender of sovereignty': A historiographical assessment." Australian Journal of International Affairs 55.2 (2001): 175-185.
- ↑T.V. Millar, Australia in peace and war: External relations. 1788–1977 (1978), pp.135–210.
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- 12"Heads of Diplomatic Missions – Ordered by Precedence (* Non Resident)". Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
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- Australian Representation OverseasArchived 25 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved 25 October 2021
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- 123
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- ↑Kiribati president pans Australia for climate apathy* Radio New Zealand. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
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The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries – the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages – suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic,"
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- ↑Daniel Hurst and Josh Butler. "Australia to offer residency to Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change". The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
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- ↑Joint Statement* Australian Prime Minister's Office 15 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
Further reading
- Abbondanza, Gabriele. The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium: the Asia-Pacific Context (Aracne, 2013)
- Beeson, Mark. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy". The Australian Journal of Politics and History (2002) 48#2
- Bird, David (2008). J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 9781740971577.
- Bisley, Nick. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2012) 58#2 pp 268–82 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01636.x
- Chai, Tommy Sheng Hao. "How China attempts to drive a wedge in the U.S.-Australia alliance". Australian Journal of International Affairs 74.5 (2020): 511–531.
- Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon. Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government: Australia as a Middle Power? (2011)
- Cuffe, Honae (2021). The Genesis of a Policy: Defining and Defending Australia's National Interest in the Asia-Pacific, 1921–57(PDF). ANU Press. ISBN 9781760464684.
- Curley, Melissa, and Dane Moores. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy, January to June 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) 57#4 pp 597–613 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01617.x
- Dalrymple, Rawdon. Continental Drift: Australia's Search for a Regional Identity (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003). ISBN 0754634469.
- Edwards, Peter, "Curtin, MacArthur and the 'surrender of sovereignty': A historiographical assessment." Australian Journal of International Affairs 55.2 (2001): 175-185.
- Fels, Enrico. Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. (Springer, 2017), pp. 365–436.
- Firth, Stewart. Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy (3rd ed., 2011)
- Gyngell; Allan, and Michael Wesley. Making Australian Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
- Hundt, David. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2010". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01597.x
- Lockyer, Adam, Australia's Defence Strategy: Evaluating Alternatives for a Contested Asia, (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2017)
- McDonald, Scott D., and Andrew T. H. Tan, eds. The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance: Evolving Security Strategy in the Indo-Pacific (2020) excerpt
- Millar, T. B. Australia in peace and war: external relations 1788–1977 (1978) online, 612pp
- Patience, Allan. Australian Foreign Policy in Asia: Middle Power or Awkward Partner? (2019) online
- Schedvin, Boris (2008). Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service(PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. ISBN 978-1-921244-57-5.
- Suri, Navdeep. "Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling". ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020, Observer Research Foundation. online
- Tow, William T., and Chen-shen Yen. "Australia–Taiwan relations: the evolving geopolitical setting". Australian Journal of International Affairs 61.3 (2007): 330–350.
- Ungerer, Carl. "The 'middle power' concept in Australian foreign policy". Australian Journal of Politics & History 53.4 (2007): 538–551.
- Watt, Alan. The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965. (Cambridge UP, 1967)
External links
- العلاقات الخارجية لأستراليا
- السياسة الخارجية الأسترالية
- أستراليا ودول الكومنولث
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