قائمة الأشخاص من إيطاليا

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الموسوعة الحرة

هذه قائمة بشخصيات بارزة من منطقة إيطاليا الجغرافية ، تميزت بارتباطها بالبلاد من خلال الإقامة فيها أو وضعها القانوني . وقد تم تصنيفها بناءً على مجالات إنجازاتها وشهرتها.

التمثيل

المهندسون المعماريون

روما القديمة

العصور الوسطى

نهضة

الباروك

الكلاسيكية الجديدة

القرن العشرين

الطهاة وخبراء فن الطهي

الحرفيون

المهندسون والمخترعون

المستكشفون

شخصيات خيالية

صناع الأفلام

الرسامون

الشخصيات العسكرية والسياسية

الحضارة الأترورية

روما القديمة

  • أغريبا مينينيوس لاناتوس (توفي عام 493 قبل الميلاد)، قنصل الجمهورية الرومانية عام 503 قبل الميلاد، برفقة بوبليوس بوستوميوس توبيرتوس. انتصر على السابينيين وحصل على وسام نصر احتفل به في 4 أبريل 503 قبل الميلاد.

الكنيسة الكاثوليكية الرومانية

نهضة

الفترة الحديثة المبكرة إلى التوحيد

من عام 1861 إلى صعود الفاشية

الجمهورية الإيطالية

الموسيقيون

الملحنون

العصور الوسطى

نهضة

الباروك

العصر الكلاسيكي

رومانسي

القرن العشرين

قادة الفرق الموسيقية

  • كلاوديو أبادو (1933-2014)، قائد أوركسترا. قائد أوركسترا لندن السيمفونية الرئيسي (1979-1988)؛ مدير دار أوبرا فيينا الحكومية (1986-1991)، وأوركسترا برلين الفيلهارمونية (1989-2001).
  • سالفاتوري أكاردو (مواليد 1941)، عازف كمان وقائد أوركسترا، وهو معروف بتفسيراته لأعمال نيكولو باغانيني.
  • ألفريدو أنتونيني (1901-1983)، قائد أوركسترا سيمفونية وملحن بارز، كان نشطًا على مسرح الحفلات الموسيقية الدولي وكذلك على إذاعة وتلفزيون سي بي إس.
  • إنريكو بيفينياني (1841-1903)، قائد أوركسترا، عازف هاربسكورد، ملحن، قائد أوركسترا رئيسي في دار الأوبرا الملكية، لا فينيس، مسرح مارينسكي ومسرح البولشوي حيث قاد العرض العالمي الأول لأوبرا يوجين أونجين لبيتر تشايكوفسكي في عام 1879.
  • فيروتشيو بوسوني (1866-1924)، عازف بيانو وقائد أوركسترا وملحن، اشتهر كعازف بيانو بارع وذو قدرة فكرية عالية.
  • غيدو كانتيللي (1920-1956)، قائد أوركسترا. اختاره أرتورو توسكانيني "خليفةً روحياً" له منذ بدايات مسيرته المهنية.
  • بريمو كاسالي (1904-1981)، قائد أوركسترا وملحن وعازف كمان. مروج للأوبرا في فنزويلا منذ عام 1948
  • ريكاردو تشايلي (مواليد 1953)، قائد أوركسترا معروف بتفانيه في الموسيقى المعاصرة، وبمحاولاته لتحديث أساليب العمل في المقطوعات السيمفونية التقليدية
  • ريكاردو دريجو (1846-1930)، قائد أوركسترا، وملحن موسيقى الباليه والأوبرا الإيطالية، وعازف بيانو.
  • فيكتور دي ساباتا (1892-1967)، قائد أوركسترا وملحن. وهو معروف على نطاق واسع بأنه أحد أبرز قادة الأوركسترا الأوبرالية في القرن العشرين.
  • بييرو غامبا (1936-2022)، المعروف أيضاً باسم بيرينو غامبا، قائد أوركسترا وعازف بيانو. لفت غامبا الأنظار إليه كطفل معجزة.
  • دانييلي غاتي (مواليد 1961)، قائد أوركسترا. يعتبر قائد الأوركسترا الأبرز في جيله" [ 93 ]
  • فرانكو فيرارا (1911-1985)، قائد أوركسترا ومعلم للعديد من قادة الأوركسترا البارزين، بمن فيهم روبرتو أبادو، وريكاردو تشايلي، وأندرو ديفيس، وريكاردو موتي.

المغنون

مغني الخصيان

سوبرانوز

  • جيما بيلينسيوني (1864–1950)، مغنية أوبرا، سوبرانو
  • ماريا كانيليا (1905-1979)، مغنية سوبرانو؛ إحدى أبرز مغنيات السوبرانو الدرامية الإيطاليات في ثلاثينيات وأربعينيات القرن العشرين.
  • مارييلا ديفيا (مواليد 1948)، بعد أن بدأت مسيرتها المهنية التي استمرت خمسة وأربعين عامًا كمغنية سوبرانو غنائية كولوراتورا، حققت في السنوات الأخيرة نجاحًا في بعض الأدوار الأكثر درامية في ذخيرة بيل كانتو.
  • ميريلا فريني (1935-2020)، مغنية سوبرانو؛ إحدى الشخصيات البارزة في عالم الأوبرا؛ وقد قدمت عروضها منذ ذلك الحين في العديد من الأماكن، بما في ذلك ميلانو وفيينا وسالزبورغ .
  • أدالجيسا غابي (1857–1933)، سوبرانو أوبرالية
  • سيسيليا غاسديا (مواليد 1960)، مغنية سوبرانو أوبرالية.
  • أمليتا جالي كورسي (1882–1963)، سوبرانو كولوراتورا
  • جوليا غريسي (1811-1869)، مغنية سوبرانو أوبرالية، صوتها الدرامي الرائع جعلها مغنية أوبرالية أولى لأكثر من 30 عامًا [ 99 ] .
  • فاوستا لابيا (1870–1935)، سوبرانو أوبرالية
  • كلوديا موزيو (1889-1936)، مغنية سوبرانو أوبرالية، كانت مسيرتها الدولية من بين أنجح المسيرات في أوائل القرن العشرين. وقد أضفت الدراما والعاطفة إلى جميع أدوارها.
  • جوديثا باستا (1797-1865)، مغنية سوبرانو. اشتهرت بأدوارها في أوبرا روسيني ، وبيليني ، ودونيزيتي ؛ ونالت استحسانًا واسعًا لنطاقها الصوتي وقدرتها التعبيرية.
  • أديلينا باتي (1843-1919)، مغنية سوبرانو؛ واحدة من أعظم مغنيات الكولوراتورا في القرن التاسع عشر
  • أميليا بينتو (1876-1946)، التي اشتهرت بأدائها لأعمال فاغنر وبوتشيني
  • ريناتا سكوتو (مواليد 1934)، مغنية سوبرانو ومخرجة أوبرا؛ تُعتبر واحدة من أبرز مغنيات جيلها، متخصصة في ريبرتوار بيل كانتو
  • ريناتا تيبالدي (1922-2004)، مغنية سوبرانو غنائية؛ واحدة من أكثر أعضاء فرقة أوبرا متروبوليتان شهرة من عام 1955 إلى عام 1973، واعتزلت الغناء في عام 1976
  • لويزا تيترازيني (1871-1940)، مغنية سوبرانو كولوراتورا؛ واحدة من أروع مغنيات عصرها

ميزو سوبرانو

كونترالتو

التينور

الباريتون

آلات الباس

الرسامون

روما القديمة

العصور الوسطى

عصر النهضة والأسلوبية

الباروك والروكوكو

القرن التاسع عشر

القرن العشرين

المصورون

الطابعات

رسامو الطباعة

القديسون

العلماء

Sculptors

Sportspeople

Writers and philosophers

Ancient and Late Antique

The Middle Ages

Humanism and the Renaissance

  • Pietro Aretino (1492–1556), writer and satirist; known for his literary attacks on his wealthy and powerful contemporaries and for six volumes of letters
  • Ludovico Ariosto (1474–1533), poet remembered for his epic poem Orlando furioso (1516)
  • Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), cardinal who wrote one of the earliest Italian grammars and assisted in establishing the Italian literary language[214]
  • Francesco Berni (1497/98–1535), poet; important for the distinctive style of his Italian burlesque, which was called bernesco and imitated by many poets[215]
  • Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), poet and scholar, author of De mulieribus claris, the Decameron and poems in the vernacular
  • Matteo Maria Boiardo (1440/41–1494), poet whose Orlando innamorato, the first poem to combine elements of both Arthurian and Carolingian traditions of romance[216]
  • Giovanni Botero (c. 1544–1617), philosopher and diplomat, known for his work The Reason of State (1589)
  • Luigi Da Porto (1485–1530), writer and storiographer, better known as the author of the novel Novella novamente ritrovata with the story of Romeo and Juliet, later adapted by William Shakespeare for his famous drama
  • Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444), a leading historian of his time. He wrote History of the Florentine People (1414–15); is generally considered the first modern work of history
  • Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), philosopher; his major metaphysical works, De la causa, principio, et Uno (1584) and De l'infinito universo et Mondi (1584), were published in France
  • Giulio Camillo (c. 1480–1544), philosopher; known for his theatre, described in his posthumously published work L’Idea del Theatro
  • Tommaso Campanella(1568–1639), Dominican friar, philosopher and poet. His most significant work was The City of the Sun, a utopia describing an egalitarian theocratic society where property is held in common
  • Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529), courtier, diplomat and writer, known for his dialogue The Book of the Courtier; one of the great books of its time[217]
  • Francesco Colonna (1433–1527), author of Hypnerotomachia Poliphili.
  • Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631), Aristotelian philosopher at Padua University
  • Mario Equicola (c. 1470–1525), writer; author of Libro de natura de amore (1525) and Istituzioni del comporre in ogni sorta di rima della lingua volgare (1541)
  • Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), philosopher; his chief work was Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animae (1482), in which he combined Christian theology and Neoplatonic elements
  • Francesco Filelfo (1398–1481), writer; author of pieces in prose, published under the title Convivia Mediolanensia, and a great many Latin translations from the Greek
  • Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet and high-ranking courtesan; famous in her day for her intellectual and artistic accomplishments
  • Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet who, with Torquato Tasso, is credited with establishing the form of a new literary genre, the pastoral drama[218]
  • Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), historian; author of the most important contemporary History of Italy (1537–1540); the masterwork of Italian historical literature of the Renaissance
  • Cristoforo Landino (1424–1498), writer; he wrote three works framed as philosophical dialogues: De anima (1453), De vera nobilitate (1469), and the Disputationes Camaldulenses (c. 1474)
  • Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), political philosopher and writer; known for his The Prince (written in 1513 and published in 1532); one of the world's most famous essays on political science
  • Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459), politician and diplomat; significant scholar of the early Italian Renaissance
  • Girolamo Mei (1519–1594), writer; his treatise De modis musicis antiquorum (a study of ancient Greek music) greatly influenced the ideas of the Florentine Camerata
  • Guidobaldo del Monte (1545–1607), mathematician, philosopher and astronomer; known for his work Mechanicorum Liber (1577)
  • Gianfrancesco Straparola (1480–1557), writer, whose collection of 75 stories Le piacevoli notti contains the first known versions of many popular fairy tales. Along with Basile, he set the standards for the literary form of fairy tale
  • Agostino Nifo (c. 1473–1538 or 1545), philosopher and commentator; his principal works are: De intellectu et daemonibus (1492) and De immortalitate animi (1518–1524)
  • Marius Nizolius (1498–1576), philosopher and scholar; his major work was the Thesaurus Ciceronianus, published in 1535
  • Franciscus Patricius (1529–1597), philosopher and scientist. His two great works: Discussionum peripateticorum libri XV (1571) and Nova de universis philosophia (1591)
  • Petrarch (1304–1374), scholar and poet; his Il Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries
  • Alessandro Piccolomini (1508–1579), philosopher; his works include Il Dialogo della bella creanza delle donne, o Raffaella (1539) and the comedies Amor costante (1536) and Alessandro (1544)
  • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), scholar and Platonist philosopher; his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) is better known than any other philosophical text of the 15th century
  • Bartolomeo Platina (1421–1481), writer and gastronomist. Author of Lives of the Popes (1479); the first systematic handbook of papal history and On honourable pleasure and health (1465); the world's first printed cookbook
  • Poliziano (1454–1494), poet and philologist; among his works: Stanze per la giostra (incomplete) and Orfeo (1475)
  • Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525), philosopher; his principal work is On the Immortality of the Soul (1516)
  • Simone Porzio (1496–1554), philosopher. His principal works are: An homo bonus, vel malus volens fiat (1551) and De mente humana (1551)
  • Francesco Pucci (1543–1597), philosopher; author of Forma d'una repubblica cattolica (1581)
  • Luigi Pulci (1432–1484), poet; he ridiculed the heroic poems of his time in his mock epic Morgante (1478, 1483)
  • Ottavio Rinuccini (1562–1621), poet, courtier and opera librettist
  • Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), philosopher, man of letters and a skilled writer; Coluccio drew heavily upon the classical tradition
  • Jacopo Sannazaro (1456–1530), poet; author of Arcadia (1501–1504), first pastoral romance[219]
  • Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558), scholar; author of De causis linguae Latinae (1540) and Poetics (1561)[220]
  • Sperone Speroni (1500–1588), philosopher and scholar; he was one of the central members of Padua's literary academy, Accademia degli Infiammati, and wrote on both moral and literary matters
  • Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), poet, one of the foremost writers of the Renaissance, celebrated for his heroic epic poem Jerusalem Delivered (1581)[221]
  • Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588), philosopher; his chief work was De rerum natura iuxta propria principia (1565), marked the period of transition from Aristotelianism to modern thought
  • Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550), literary theorist, philologist, dramatist, and poet, an important innovator in Italian drama[222]
  • Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457), rhetorician, and educator who attacked medieval traditions and anticipated views of the Protestant reformers
  • Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619), philosopher; author of Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magicum (1615) and De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (1616)
  • Benedetto Varchi (1502/1503–1565), poet and historian; known for his work Storia fiorentina (16 vol.), published only in 1721
  • Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), writer, architect and painter, known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Le Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani (1550)[223]
  • Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499), Averroist philosopher, at the University of Padua
  • Giovanni della Casa (1503–1556), poet, writer and diplomat. His Il Galateo (1558), the most celebrated etiquette book in European history, set the foundation for modern etiquette, polite behavior and manners literature[224]

The Baroque period and the Enlightenment

  • Claudio Achillini (1574–1640), poet and jurist; one of the better known Marinisti
  • Vittorio Alfieri (1749–1803), tragic poet; from 1775 to 1787, wrote 19 verse tragedies; his works include Filippo (1775), Oreste (1786) and Mirra (1786)
  • Francesco Algarotti (1712–1764), philosopher and art critic; author of a number of stimulating essays on the subjects of architecture (1753), the opera (1755), and painting (1762)[225]
  • Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), philosopher and mathematician; first woman to write a mathematics handbook and first woman as mathematics professor in a university[226]
  • Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), literary critic; author of Italian Library (1757)
  • Giambattista Basile (c. 1575–1632), poet; his collection of 50 short stories Pentamerone (1634–6), provided the content later borrowed by Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm. With Straparola, he is one of the two fathers of fairy tale tradition
  • Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), philosopher, criminologist and jurist; works include his treatise Dei delitti e delle pene (1763–64)[227]
  • Saverio Bettinelli (1718–1808), writer; author of Lettere dieci di Virgilio agli Arcadi (1758)
  • Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639), Dominican philosopher and writer; remembered for his socialistic work The City of the Sun (1602)[228]
  • Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798), was author and adventurer from the Republic of Venice
  • Giuseppe Lorenzo Maria Casaregi (1670–1737), jurist and advocate
  • Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730–1808), poet and translator; author of Essay on the Philosophy of Taste (1785) and Essay on the Philosophy of Languages (1785)
  • Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), philosopher, first woman to graduate from a university with a doctorate
  • Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838), poet and librettist; his most important librettos were for Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Così fan tutte (1790)
  • Carlo Denina (1731–1813), historian; author of Delle rivoluzioni d'Italia (1769–70) and Delle revoluzioni della Germania (1804)
  • Antonio Genovesi (1712–1769), writer and political; author of Disciplinarum Metaphysicarum Elementa (1743–52) and Logica (1745)
  • Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), historian and jurist; his most important work was his Il Triregno, ossia del regno del cielo, della terra, e del papa; published only in 1895
  • Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), playwright; wrote more than 260 dramatic works of all sorts, including opera
  • Gasparo Gozzi (1713–1786), poet, critic and journalist. His principal writings are: Lettere famigliari (1755), Il Mondo morale (1760) and Osservatore Veneto periodico (1761)
  • Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet and theoretician of literature; his best-known work is Il pastor fido (1590), a pastoral tragicomedy
  • Scipione Maffei (1675–1755), writer and art critic; his most important works: Conclusioni di amore (1702), La scienza cavalleresca (1710) and De fabula equestris ordinis Constantiniani (1712)
  • Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), poet. Founder of the school of Marinism (later Secentismo); among his principal works is L'Adone (1623), a long narrative poem
  • Metastasio (1698–1782), poet and librettist; considered the most important writer of opera seria libretti. His melodrama Attilio Regolo (1750) is generally considered his masterpiece
  • Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), historian; author of Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi (6 vols; 1738–42) and Annali d'Italia (12 vols; 1744–49)
  • Ferrante Pallavicino (1615–1644) satirist and novelist; his most important works: Baccinata ouero battarella per le api barberine (1642) and La Retorica delle puttane (1643)
  • Giuseppe Parini (1729–1799), prose writer and poet; author of Dialogo sopra la nobiltà (1757) and Il giorno (4 books, 1763–1801)
  • Cesare Ripa (c. 1560 – c. 1622), aesthetician and writer; author of the Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell’imagini Universali cavate dall’Antichità et da altri luoghi (1593), an influential emblem book
  • Paolo Vergani (1753–1820), economist of the Papal States
  • Alessandro Verri (1741–1816), novelist and reformer; author of Le avventure di Saffo poetessa di Mitilene (1782), Notti romane al sepolcro degli Scipioni (1792–1804) and La vita di Erostrato (1815)
  • Pietro Verri (1728–1797), political economist and writer; his chief works are: Riflessioni sulle leggi vincolanti (1769) and Meditazioni sull' economia politica (1771)
  • Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), philosopher and historian; his major theories were developed in his Scienza nuova (1725)

The 1800s

  • Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli (1791–1863), poet; he described the vast panorama of Roman society in colorful dialect
  • Giovanni Berchet (1783–1851), patriot and poet; he wrote stirring patriotic ballads of a romantic type and rhymed romances, such as Giulia and Matilde
  • Luigi Capuana (1839–1915), critic and novelist; among his best works are the short stories in Paesane (1894) and the novel The Marquis of Roccaverdina (1901)
  • Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907), poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age[229]
  • Carlo Collodi (1826–1890), author and journalist, best known as the creator of the canonical piece of children's literature and world's most translated non-religious book The Adventures of Pinocchio[230]
  • Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938), poet, military hero and political leader; author of Il piacere (1889), L'innocente (1892), Giovanni Episcopo (1892) and Il trionfo della morte (1894)[231]
  • Edmondo De Amicis (1846–1908), novelist and short-story writer; his most important work is the sentimental children's storyHeart (1886)[232]
  • Federico De Roberto (1861–1927), writer; known for his novel I Vicerè (1894)
  • Francesco de Sanctis (1817–1883), historian and literary critic; important works are his Saggi critici (1866) and his Storia della letteratura italiana (1870–71)[233]
  • Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911), novelist and poet; his famous Piccolo mondo antico (1896), it is considered one of the great Italian novels of the 19th century
  • Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), poet and patriot; his popular novel The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1802) bitterly denounced Napoleon's cession of Venetia to Austria[234]
  • Vincenzo Gioberti (1801–1852), philosopher and political writer; his most celebrated work is Del primato morale e civile degli italiani (1843)[235]
  • Giuseppe Giusti (1809–1850), satirical poet; known for his poem, Sant’Ambrogio (c. 1846)
  • Raimondo Guarini (1765–1852), archaeologist, epigrapher, poet; authored the first Oscan/Latin dictionary
  • Francesco Guicciardini (1851–1915), member of the Italian cabinet
  • Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), poet and philosopher; author of Canti (1816–37), expressing a deeply pessimistic view of humanity and human nature
  • Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873), poet and novelist; he is famous for the novel The Betrothed, generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature
  • Ippolito Nievo (1831–1861), writer and patriot; known for his novel Confessioni di un Italiano, also known as Confessioni d'un ottuagenario which was published posthumously in 1867
  • Giovanni Pascoli (1855–1912), poet; his works include Carmina (in Latin, 1914), the more mystical Myricae (1891) and the patriotic Odi e inni (1906)
  • Silvio Pellico (1789–1854), dramatic poet; his principal works are Francesca da Rimini (1818) and Le mie prigioni (1832)
  • Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855), religious philosopher; he is known for his work, Nuovo saggio sull’origine delle idee, published in 1830
  • Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), adventure novelist for the young; creator of popular heroic figure Sandokan
  • Niccolò Tommaseo (1802–1874), poet and critic; editor of a Dizionario della Lingua Italiana in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works
  • Achille Torelli (1841–1922), playwright
  • Giovanni Verga (1840–1922), novelist; his works include Cavalleria rusticana (1880), I Malavoglia (1881), Novelle rusticane (1883), and Mastro-Don Gesualdo (1889)[236]

The 1900s

Other Notables

  • The Italian Tenors, Italian trio opera singers
  • Il Volo, Italian trio tenors
  • Michelangelo (1475–1564), Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance
  • PANDA BOI (born 2002), Italian internet celebrity
  • Laura de Santillana (1955–2019), contemporary glass artist
  • Luciano Pavarotti (1935–2007), Italian operatic tenor who during the late part of his career crossed over into popular music
  • Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), entrepreneur. Founder of the Fiat (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) automobile
  • Jorge Alessandri (1896–1986), was the 27th President of Chile from 1958 to 1964y
  • Domenico Agusta (1907–1971), entrepreneur. CEO of the Agusta aeronautical company following the death of his father in 1927, and founded the MV Agusta motorcycle company in 1945
  • Franco Archibugi (1926–2020), economist and planner
  • Giorgio Armani (1934–2025), fashion designer, socialite and businessman
  • Guido Barilla (born 1958), businessman, and the chairman of Barilla Group, the world's largest pasta company
  • Rabbi Berel Lazar (born in 1964) Chief Rabbi of Russia
  • Edoardo Bianchi (1865–1946), entrepreneur and inventor who founded the bicycle manufacturing company Bianchi in 1885 and the Italian automobile manufacturer Autobianchi
  • Marcel Bich (1914–1994), entrepreneur, co-founder of the worldwide famous company Bic. He created what would become the most popular and best selling pen in the World, Bic Cristal
  • Luciano Benetton (born 1935), businessman, co-founders of Benetton Group, the reknowed Italian fashion brand.
  • Bartolomeo Beretta (c. 1490 – c. 1565). known as maestro di canne (master gun-barrel maker), was ann artisan who, by 1526, had established the arms manufacturing enterprise Beretta.
  • Fortunato Brescia Tassano (died 1951), businessman who founded Grupo Breca, a real estate company-turned-conglomerate. He emigrated to Peru in 1889.
  • Ettore Bugatti (1881–1947), automobile designer and manufacturer. Founder of the manufacturing company Automobiles E. Bugatti in 1909 in the then German town of Molsheim in the Alsace region of what is now France
  • Giovanni da Carignano (1250–1329), pioneering cartographer from Genoa.
  • Gaspare Campari (1828–1882), drinks manufacturer. In 1860 he formulated the bitter Campari. His recipe, which Campari keeps confidential, contained more than 60 natural ingredients
  • Marilù Capparelli Italian lawyer at Google
  • Pierre Cardin (1922–2020), fashion designer. He is known for what were his avant-garde style and Space Age designs; also know neckties and handkerchief maker
  • Leo Castelli Italian art trader
  • Roberto Cavalli (born 1940), fashion designer and inventor. He is known for exotic prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans.
  • Vittoria Ceretti (born 1998), fashion supermodel was discovered in 2012 through the Elite Model Look Model contest.
  • Ernesto Cerruti (1844–1915), entreprenour migrated in Colombia
  • Nino Cerruti (1930–2022), businessman and stylist. He founded his own haute couture house,
  • Raffaele Cicala (c. 1960), businessman, CEO of LaSer Group.
  • Giorgio Cini, entrepreneur
  • Francesco Cirio (1836–1900), businessman, is credited with being one of the first in the world with developing the appertization technique in Italy
  • Luca Cordero di Montezemolo (born 1947), businessman, former Chairman of Ferrari, and formerly Chairman of Fiat S.p.A. and President of Confindustria
  • Ortensia Curiel, Italian designer founder of Curiel fashion brand in 1908
  • Pompeo D'Ambrosio (1917–1998), entrepreneur as financial manager of Banco Latino for the promotion of many successful Italian entrepreneurs in Venezuela. He was even co-founder for Deportivo Italia, the soccer club of the Italian community in Venezuela
  • Ida d'Este (1917–1976), educator and partisan
  • Carlo De Benedetti (born 1934), industrialist, engineer, and publisher.
  • Giuseppe De'Longhi (born 1939), businessman and the president of De'Longhi Group
  • Torcuato di Tella (1892–1948), industrialist and philanthropist migrated in Argentine
  • Pietro D'Onofrio (1859–1937), founder of a Peruvian brand and business dedicated primarily to the sale of confectionery products
  • Salvatore Falabella founder of multinational chain of department stores owned by Chilean multinational company SARA Falabella. It is the largest South American department store
  • Jean Marie Farina (1685–1766, perfumier migrated in Germany who created the first Eau de Cologne
  • Gaetano Filangieri (1752–1788), economist and state adviser; he is known for his work, The Science of Legislation (vols. 1–7; 1780–85)
  • Vincenzo Florio (1883–1959), entrepreneur, heir of the rich Florio dynasty. An automobile enthusiast he is best known as the founder of the Targa Florio car racing.
  • Ferdinando Galiani (1728–1787), economist; he published two treatises, Della Moneta (1750) and Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770)
  • Fortune Gallo (1878–1970) - Opera impresario
  • Gaetano Greco, industrialist cofounder of Venezuelan football team Deportivo Táchira F.C.
  • Domenico Dolce (born 1958), fashion designer and entrepreneur and co-founder of the Dolce & Gabbana luxury fashion house
  • Emilio Pucci, Marquees di Barsento (1914–1992), fashion designer and politician
  • Gianfranco Faina, Italian professor (?–1981)
  • Edoardo Fendi (1904–1954), fashion designer cofounder of a fur and leather Fendi shop in Via del Plebiscito, Rome.
  • Salvatore Ferragamo (1898–1960), shoe designer and the founder of luxury goods high-end retailer Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A.
  • Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), motor racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Ferrari Grand Prix results and the Ferrari automobile marque
  • Gianfranco Ferre (1944–2007), fashion designer also known as "the architect of fashion"
  • Pietro Ferrero (1898–1949), founder of Ferrero SpA, a confectionery and chocolatier company. His company invented Nutella, a hazelnut-cream spread, which is now sold in over 160 countries
  • Micol Fontana (1913–2015), stylist and entrepreneur. Along with her two sisters Micol Fontana was stylist and co-founder of the Sorelle Fontana fashion house
  • Stefano Gabbana (born 1962), fashion designer and co-founder of the Dolce & Gabbana luxury fashion house
  • Filippo Gagliardi (1912 - 1968), entreprenour migrated in Venezuela
  • Raul Gardini (1933–1993), entrepreneur. In 1980 as CEO of Ferruzzi Group led the acquisition of Beeghin-Say SA. In 1987, bought the Montedison chemical group. In 1989 Eni and Montedison formed a joint-venture called Enimont.
  • Filippo Grandi (born 1957), diplomat, current United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  • Giovanni Achille Gaggia (1895–1961), inventor of the first modern steamless coffee machine on 5 September 1938, to be used commercially in his coffee bar.
  • Palizzolo Gravina, baron of Ramione, 19th century heraldic writer
  • Guccio Gucci (1881–1953), businessman and fashion designer. He is known for being the founder of the fashion house of Gucci.
  • Lucia Guerrini (1921–1990), classical scholar and archaeologist
  • Carlo Guzzi (1889–1964), co-founder of Moto Guzzi
  • Andrea Illy (born 1964), businessman. He is the Chairman of illycaffè S.p.A., a family coffee business founded in Trieste in 1933
  • Ferdinando Innocenti (1891–1966), businessman who founded the machinery-works company Innocenti and was the creator of the Lambretta motorscooter.
  • Barbara Labate (born 1978), entrepreneur, co-founder of the successful shopping site Risparmio Super
  • Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), humanist, scholar, educator, and the founder of the Aldine Press
  • Javier Gerardo Milei (born 1970), politician and economist; he is the President of Argentina since 2023.
  • Mario Moretti Polegato (born 1952), entrepreneur, active in the footwear sector, who founded the company Geox of which he is the president
  • Antonio Pasin (1897–1990), industrialist founder of the Radio Flyer company, best known for making the Radio Flyer stamped steel toy wagon
  • Augusto Perfetti (born 1951), businessman; executive chairman of Perfetti Van Melle
  • Stefano Pessina (born 1941), businessman; executive chairman and large investor in The Boots GroupWalgreens
  • Enrico Piaggio (1805–1965), industrialist took the decision to diversify his aeronautical plant into manufacturing Vespa scooters.
  • Charles Ponzi (1882–1949), swindler and artist in the U.S. and Canada
  • Francesco Antonio Broccu (1797–1882), artisan. Generally regarded as the inventor of Revolver (1833)[248]
  • Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795), charlatan, magician, and adventurer who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society in the years preceding the French Revolution
  • Ambrogio Calepino (c. 1440–1510), one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino and English word calepin, for "dictionary"
  • Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), distiller. Inventor of vermouth and aperitif (1786)
  • Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), harpsichord maker generally credited with the invention of the piano (c. 1700)[249]
  • Francesco Datini (1335–1410), merchant whose business and private papers, preserved in Prato, constitute one of the most important archives of the economic history of the Middle Ages
  • Lorenzo de Tonti (c. 1602 – c. 1684), banker. The inventor of the system of annuities, now known as the tontine (1653)
  • Giuseppe Donati (1835–1925), musician. Inventor of the classical ocarina
  • Giovanni Falcone (1939–1992), magistrate who was specialised in prosecuting Cosa Nostra criminals. His life story is quite similar to that of his closest friend Paolo Borsellino
  • Rosina Ferrario (1888–1957), first Italian woman to receive a pilot's licence in January 1913
  • Andrea Fogli, product designer and interior designer
  • Riccardo Gualino (1879–1964), business magnate and art collector. He was also a patron of business empire based on forest concessions, cargo ships, banking, manufacture of rayon, confectionery, chemicals, artificial leather and film producer.
  • Domenico Ghirardelli (1817–1894), chocolatier who was the founder of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company in San Francisco, California.
  • Jose Greco (1918–2000), dancer and choreographer. Popularized Spanish dance in the 1950s and '60s sometimes earning him the title "the world's greatest non-Spanish Spanish dancer".[250] The Spanish government knighted him in 1962[251]
  • Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), perfume designer and maker. Inventor of Eau de Cologne (1709)
  • Dino De Laurentiis (1919–2010), film producer. He produced or co-produced more than 500 films, of which 38 were nominated for Academy Awards.
  • Sonia Gandhi (born 1946), Italian-born Indian politician and the president of the Indian National Congress, widow of former Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi
  • Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. 1220–1289), nobleman, whose death by starvation with his sons and grandsons is described by Dante in the Inferno (Canto XXXIII)
  • John of Montecorvino (1246–1328), Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China
  • Angelo Moriondo (1851–1914), inventor, who is usually credited with patenting the earliest known espresso machine, in 1884
  • Vittorio Necchi (1898–1975), co-founder of Necchi Sewing machine SPA
  • Lisa del Giocondo (1479–1542 or c. 1551), her name was given to Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance
  • Giovanni Paolo Lancelotti (1522–1590), jurist
  • Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993), automobile designer, inventor, engineer, winemaker, industrialist and businessman who created in 1963, *Automobili Lamborghini, maker of high-end sports cars
  • Luigi Lavazza (1859–1949), businessman. In 1895, he founded the Lavazza coffee company in Turin
  • Lokanātha (1897–1966), was known as Salvatore Cioffi before ordination, a prominent Italian Buddhist monk and missionary
  • Alessandro Martini (1812–1905), businessman, founder of one of the most important vermouth companies in the world, Martini & Rossi, which produces the Martini vermouth.
  • Enrico Mattei (1906–1962), public administrator of Eni
  • Vittorio Missoni (1954–2013), CEO of Missoni, the fashion house founded by his parents in 1953. He is credited with expanding Missoni into a global brand after his parents handed control to him and his two siblings, Angela and Luca, in 1996
  • Arnoldo Mondadori (1889–1971), entrepreneur who in 1907 founded the biggest publishing company in Italy.
  • Edgardo Mortara (1851–1940), priest, central figure in a controversy that arose when at the age of 6 he was forcibly taken from his Jewish parents because a domestic servant had baptized him
  • Primo Nebiolo (1923–1999), sports official, best known as president of the worldwide athletics federation IAAF from 1981 to his die in 1999. He was the ideator of the IAAF Continental Cup
  • Aldo Notari (1932–2006), businessman was president of the International Baseball Federation from 1993 to 2006
  • Giuseppe Panza (1923–2010), art collector
  • Calogero Paparoni (1876–1958), coffee trader migrated to Venezuela
  • Rinaldo Piaggio (1864–1938), entrepreneur, senator, and founder of Piaggio Group
  • Generoso Papa (1891–1950), businessman and the owner of a chain of Italian-language newspapers in major USA cities
  • Carlo Ponti (1912–2007), film producer. Along with Dino De Laurentiis, he popularized Italian cinema post-World War II,
  • Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984), industrialist and philanthropist, co-founder of the Club of Roma
  • Giovanni Battista Pirelli (1848–1932), founder of Pirelli, the company specialised in rubber and derivative processes
  • Nina Ricci (1883–1970), fashion designer. She and her son Robert founded the fashion house Nina Ricci in Paris in 1932. It has been owned by the Spanish company Puig since 1998
  • Giovanni Ricordi (1785–1853), founder of Casa Ricordi
  • Cola di Rienzo (c. 1313–1354), popular leader who tried to restore the greatness of ancient Rome
  • Angelo Rizzoli (1889–1970); publisher and film producer
  • Sacco and Vanzetti case (1888–1927, 1891–1927), controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, United States, extending over seven years, 1920–27, and resulting in the execution of the defendants
  • Massimo Salvadori (1908–1992), historian
  • Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498), Christian preacher, reformer, and martyr, renowned for his clash with tyrannical rulers and a corrupt clergy
  • Elsa Schiaparelli (1890–1973), fashion designer. Along with Coco Chanel, her greatest rival, she is regarded as one of the most prominent European figures in fashion between the two World Wars
  • Michela Schiff Giorgini (1923–1978), Egyptologist
  • Maria Signorelli (1908–1992), puppet master and puppet collector from Rome
  • Father Simpliciano of the Nativity (1827–1898), founder of the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts in Santa Balbina
  • Calisto Tanzi (1938–2022), businessman and convicted fraudster. He founded Parmalat in 1961, after dropping out of college.
  • Michele Taddei, leather craftsman co-founder of Bottega Veneta a luxury fashion house. Its product lines include ready-to-wear, handbags, shoes, accessories, and jewelry; and it licenses its name and branding to Coty, Inc. for fragrances
  • Emilia Telese (born 1973), audio and visual performing artist
  • Augusto Odone (1933–2013, 1939–2000, 1978–2008), noted for the creation of Lorenzo's oil as a treatment to Adrenoleukodystrophy after his son, Lorenzo, was diagnosed with the rare and deadly disease.
  • Miuccia Prada (born 1949), fashion designer and businesswoman
  • Andrea Rossi (born 1950); entrepreneur known for Petroldragon, Energy Catalyzer who claims to have invented a cold fusion device.
  • Sergio Rossi(1935–2020), shoe designer, who founded his brand
  • Bornio da Sala (15th century–1496), lawyer, humanist, writer and law professor
  • Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (born on 1947), computer engineer. Professor at University of California, Berkeley. Co-founded Cadence Design Systems and Synopsys,
  • Emilio Schuberth (1904–1972), fashion designer, popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Schuberth was called the "tailor of the stars"
  • Filippo Sindoni (1936–2007), businessman migrated in Venezuela, his activities spiked in food and media branches
  • Gian Carlo Stucky (1881–1941), businessman and politician.
  • Valentino (born 1932), fashion designer, the founder of the Valentino brand and company.
  • Donatella Versace (born 1955), fashion designer, businesswoman, socialite, and model. In 1997, she inherited a portion of the Versace brand and became its creative director. She is currently the brand's chief creative officer. Along with her brother Gianni, she is widely credited for the supermodel phenomenon of the 1990s by casting editorial models on the runway
  • Gianni Versace (1946–1997), fashion designer, socialite and businessman.
  • Bruno Vespa (born 1944), journalist. A former director of the Rai Uno's news program TG1, founding host of the talk show Porta a Porta (English:"Door to door"), which has been broadcast without interruption on RAI channels since 1996.
  • Simonetta Vespucci (c. 1453 – 26 April 1476), nicknamed la bella Simonetta, Italian Renaissance noblewoman from Genoa
  • Giuseppe Volpi, 1st Count of Misurata (1877– 1947), businessman and politician.
  • Antonio Luigi Zanussi (1890–1946), entrepreneur, founder of electrodomestic Zanuzzi Group
  • Paola Zancani Montuoro (1901–1987), classical archaeologist
  • Massimo Zanetti (born 1948), entrepreneur and former politician, owner of Segafredo, a global coffee company.
  • Ermenegildo Zegna (born 1955), entrepreneur and manager. He is CEO of the eponymous luxury fashion house Ermenegildo Zegna.
  • Emma Morano (1899-2017), oldest recorded person in Italian history and last known person from the 1800s.

See also

References

  1. ↑"Eleonora Duse"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  2. ↑"Lorenzo Maitani"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  3. ↑Turner, Jane. Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist art (Volume II). Grove's Dictionaries, 2000. p. 295. Web 24 April 2011.
  4. ↑"Luciano Laurana"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
  5. ↑"Michelozzo"Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web 2 March 2011.
  6. ↑"Vincenzo Scamozzi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  7. ↑"Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  8. ↑Soucek King, Carol. Furniture: architects' and designers' originals. Architecture & Interior Design Library, 1994. p. 132. Web 24 April 2011.
  9. ↑ "Time digital 50", 19. Leonardo Chiariglione, Father of Mp3. Time. 27 September 1999.
  10. ↑, "Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies", Formatting Culture. The Mpeg group and the technoscientific innovation by digital formats. Volume 3(2)
  11. ↑, Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 2005, Luigi Negrelli, engineer, 1799–1858: Planner of The Suez Canal.
  12. ↑"The Marconi Society Fellows Biography – Federico Faggin". Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010., The Marconi Society, Federico Faggin, Awarded the Marconi Prize in 1988.
  13. ↑"Machines"Archived 7 March 2010 at the Wayback MachineLe macchine di Leonardo da Vinci.Archived 19 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Web 2 March 2011.
  14. ↑"Leonardo da Vinci"Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback MachineScholastic.Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Web 2 March 2011.
  15. ↑Donatella Biffignandi (10 December 2002). "Alfieri Maserati"(PDF). Museo dell'Automobile "Carlo Biscaretti di Ruffia" di Torino. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  16. ↑"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.
  17. ↑"2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971". powerhousemuseum.com. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  18. ↑"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded[sic] the Programma 101 to market.
  19. ↑"Henri de Tonti"The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Web 2 March 2011.
  20. ↑"Giovanni Da Pian Del Carpini"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  21. ↑"Vittorio De Sica"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  22. ↑"Giovanni Pastrone"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  23. ↑"Roberto Rossellini"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  24. ↑Rennert, Jack. Posters of the Belle Epoque: The Wine Spectator Collection. Wine Spectator Press, 1999. p. 156. Web 24 April 2011.
  25. ↑"Scipio Africanus the Younger"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  26. ↑"Augustus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  27. ↑"Marcus Aurelius"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  28. ↑"Julius Caesar"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  29. ↑"Marcus Porcius Cato"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  30. ↑"Appius Claudius Caecus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  31. ↑"Marcus Claudius Marcellus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  32. ↑"Scipio Africanus the Elder"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  33. ↑"Lucius Licinius Lucullus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  34. ↑"Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  35. ↑"Antoninus PiusEncyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  36. ↑"Titus Quinctius Flamininus"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  37. ↑Holmes, Richard; Strachan, Hew; Bellamy, Chris. The Oxford companion to military history. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 820. Web 17 April 2011.
  38. ↑"Saint Agapetus I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  39. ↑"Saint Benedict of Nursia"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  40. ↑"Saint Celestine V"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  41. ↑"Saint Gregory IEncyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  42. ↑"Honorius I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  43. ↑"Honorius III"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  44. ↑"John II"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  45. ↑"Saint Leo I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  46. ↑"Saint Nicholas I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  47. ↑"Saint Sergius I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  48. ↑"Stephen II (or III)"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  49. ↑"Alessandro"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  50. ↑"Cosimo I"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  51. ↑"Leo XI"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  52. ↑"Andrea Doria"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  53. ↑Hearder, Harry; Morris, Jonathan (2002). Italy: A Short History. Page 68 says he was Italian (not German or Norman).
  54. ↑, Transported by Song: Corsican Voices from Oral Tradition to World Stage by Caroline Bithell.
  55. ↑Hastrup, Kirsten (22 August 1992). Other Histories. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-06123-0.
  56. ↑"Italo Balbo"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  57. ↑"Francesco Crispi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  58. ↑"Antonio Gramsci"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  59. ↑"Benito Mussolini"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  60. ↑"Victor Emmanuel II"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  61. ↑"Victor Emmanuel III"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  62. ↑"Giulio Andreotti"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  63. ↑"Silvio Berlusconi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  64. ↑"Umberto Bossi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  65. ↑"Bettino Craxi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  66. ↑"Luigi Einaudi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  67. ↑"Aldo Moro"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  68. ↑"Romano Prodi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  69. ↑"Luigi Sturzo"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  70. ↑"Palmiro Togliatti"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
  71. ↑ "European Commission, The Founding Fathers of EU", Altiero Spinelli: an unrelenting federalist.
  72. ↑"Guido d’Arezzo"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  73. ↑"Adriano Banchieri"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  74. ↑"Emilio de’ Cavalieri"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  75. ↑"Andrea Gabrieli"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  76. ↑"Luca Marenzio"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  77. ↑"Gioseffo Zarlino"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  78. ↑"Francesco Cavalli"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  79. ↑"Pietro Antonio Cesti"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  80. ↑"Francesco Geminiani"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  81. ↑"Giovanni Battista Pergolesi"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  82. ↑"Nicola Porpora"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  83. ↑"Domenico Scarlatti"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  84. ↑"Giuseppe Tartini"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  85. ↑"Baldassare GaluppiEncyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  86. ↑"Giovanni Battista Martini"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 12 April 2011.
  87. ↑"Giovanni Paisiello"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  88. ↑"Luciano Berio"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  89. ↑Strimple, Nick (1 November 2005). Choral Music in the Twentieth Century. Amadeus Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-57467-378-4.
  90. ↑"Francesco Cilea"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
  91. ↑"Bruno Maderna". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  92. ↑De Benedictis, Angela Ida. "Biography: Bruno Maderna". Centro Studi Luciano Berio. Translated by Mark Weir. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  93. ↑"Daniele GattiArchived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback MachineRPO. Web 2 March 2011.
  94. ↑"Riccardo Muti"Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
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